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Produced Water White Paper 2 Thousands of articles, papers, and reports have been written on assorted aspects of produced water. Given enough time and money, it would be possible to develop a detailed treatise on the subject. However, DOE preferred a quick-turn-around evaluation of produced water and provided only a moderate budget. Therefore, this document is written to provide a good overview of the many issues relating to produced water. It includes a lengthy list of references that can lead the reader to more detailed information. 1.3 Layout of White Paper The white paper contains five chapters that discuss various aspects of produced water: - Chapter 2 discusses the chemical and physical characteristics of produced water, where it is produced, and its potential impacts on the environment and on oil and gas operations. - Chapter 3 provides information on the volume of produced water generated in the United States. To the extent possible, the data is segregated by state and by major management option. - Chapter 4 describes the federal and state regulatory requirements regarding discharge and injection. - Chapter 5 discusses numerous options for managing produced water. The options are grouped into those that minimize the amount of produced water reaching the surface, those that recycle or reuse produce water, and those that involve disposal of produced water. - Chapter 6 offers summary data on produced water management costs. 1.4 Acknowledgments This work was supported by DOE-FE and NETL under contract W-31-109-Eng-38. John Ford was the DOE project officer for this work. We also acknowledge the many state officials that provided information for the produced water volume and regulatory sections of the white paper. The authors thank Dan Caudle for his review of and comments on the white paper.PDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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