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Produced Water White Paper 3 2 Produced Water Characteristics Produced water is not a single commodity. The physical and chemical properties of produced water vary considerably depending on the geographic location of the field, the geological formation with which the produced water has been in contact for thousands of years, and the type of hydrocarbon product being produced. Produced water properties and volume can even vary throughout the lifetime of a reservoir. If waterflooding operations are conducted, these properties and volumes may vary even more dramatically as additional water is injected into the formation. This chapter provides information on the range of likely physical and chemical characteristics of produced water, how much they vary, and why they vary. The chapter also discusses the potential impacts of discharging produced water, particularly to the marine environment. Understanding a produced water’s characteristics can help operators increase production. For example, parameters such as total dissolved solids (TDS) can help define pay zones (Breit et al. 1998) when coupled with resistivity measurements. Also, by knowing a produced water’s constituents, producers can determine the proper application of scale inhibitors and well-treatment chemicals as well as identify potential well-bore or reservoir problem areas (Breit et al. 1998). 2.1 Major Components of Produced Water Knowledge of the constituents of specific produced waters is needed for regulatory compliance and for selecting management/disposal options such as secondary recovery and disposal. Oil and grease are the constituents of produced water that receive the most attention in both onshore and offshore operations, while salt content (expressed as salinity, conductivity, or TDS) is a primary constituent of concern in onshore operations. In addition, produced water contains many organic and inorganic compounds. These vary greatly from location to location and even over time in the same well. The causes of variation are discussed in a later section. 2.1.1 Produced Water from Oil Production Table 2-1 shows typical concentrations of pollutants in treated offshore produced water samples from the Gulf of Mexico (EPA 1993). These data were compiled by EPA during the development of its offshore discharge regulations and are a composite of data from many different platforms. The first column of data represents the performance for a very basic level of treatment (best practicable technology, or BPT) while the second column of data represents a more comprehensive level of treatment (best available technology, or BAT). The data show that many constituents are present. The organic and inorganic components of produced water discharged from offshore wells can be in a variety ofPDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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