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Produced Water White Paper 37 4.3.1.4 Construction Requirements (40 CFR §146.22) All new Class II wells must be sited to inject into a formation that is separated from a USDW by a confining zone free of known open faults or fractures within the AOR. Class II wells must be cased and cemented to prevent fluid movement into or between USDWs. The regulations list several criteria that must be considered in determining casing and cementing requirements. Logs and other tests are required during the drilling and construction of new Class II wells. Moreover, a report interpreting the logs and tests must be submitted to the regulator. The regulations prescribe minimum requirements for the logs and tests. 4.3.1.5 Operating Requirements (40 CFR §146.23(a)) The operating requirements in UIC Class II permits must specify a maximum injection pressure that will not initiate new fractures or propagate existing fractures in the confining zone adjacent to the USDWs. Injection pressure must not cause the movement of fluids into USDWs. Injection into the space between the outermost casing protecting USDWs and the well bore is prohibited. 4.3.1.6 Monitoring and Reporting Requirements (40 CFR §146.23(b) & (c)) Owner/operators must monitor the nature of injected fluids (at least once within the first year of authorization, and thereafter whenever changes are made to the injection fluid); injection pressure, flow rate, and cumulative volume at various frequencies specified in the regulations (weekly for disposal wells and monthly for enhanced recovery wells); mechanical integrity (at least once every five years), and other operational statistics. Owner/operators must submit at least an annual report of the monitoring results. In addition, well failures or other well-specific activities (including corrective action) must be reported. 4.3.2 State UIC Programs State regulations are similar to the federal regulations, but not necessarily exact replications. While state programs must be at least as stringent as the federal blueprint, states are free to impose more stringent requirements. In this light, UIC regulations administered by the states exhibit differences in regulatory definitions and technical standards when compared to the federal minimum standards established by the EPA. The variations stem from historic reasons, differing geologies, and other factors. Many states have been active in the regulation of underground injection operations long before the EPA promulgated the technical UIC regulations. Most state UIC Class II programs were approved under the alternative effectiveness route made available under Section 1425 of the SDWA. The states with the largest number of oil and gas injection wells are Texas (53,000) and California (25,000). The following presents information for Texas, California, Alaska, and Colorado.PDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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