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Produced Water White Paper 46 5.1.2.2 Downhole Oil/Water Separators Downhole oil/water separators (DOWS, also referred to as DHOWS) separate oil from water in the well bore itself. DOWS technology reduces the quantity of produced water that is handled at the surface by separating it from the oil downhole and simultaneously injecting it underground. A DOWS system includes many components, but the two primary ones are an oil/water separation system and at least one pump to lift oil to the surface and inject the water. Two basic types of DOWS have been developed—one type using hydrocyclones to mechanically separate oil and water and one relying on gravity separation that takes place in the well bore. Hydrocyclones use centrifugal force to separate fluids of different specific gravity without any moving parts. A mixture of oil and water enters the hydrocyclone at a high velocity from the side of a conical chamber. The subsequent swirling action causes the heavier water to move to the outside of the chamber and exit through one end, while the lighter oil remains in the interior of the chamber and exits through a second opening. The water fraction, containing a low concentration of oil (typically less than 500 mg/L), can then be injected, and the oil fraction along with some water is pumped to the surface. Hydrocyclone-type DOWS have been designed with electric submersible pumps, progressing cavity pumps, gas lift pumps, and rod pumps. Gravity separator-type DOWS are designed to allow the oil droplets that enter a well bore through the perforations to rise and form a discrete oil layer in the well. Most gravity separator tools are vertically oriented and have two intakes, one in the oil layer and the other in the water layer. This type of gravity separator-type DOWS uses rod pumps. As the sucker rods move up and down, the oil is lifted to the surface and the water is injected. During the past few years, three North Sea-based companies collaborated to develop a new class of gravity-separation DOWS that works by allowing gravity separation to occur in the horizontal section of an extended reach well. The downhole conditions allow for rapid separation of oil and water. Oil is lifted to the surface, while water is injected by a hydraulic submersible pump (Almdahl et al. 2000). DOE (FE and National Petroleum Technology Office [NPTO]) have actively promoted DOWS technology. Through DOE funding, Argonne National Laboratory conducted an independent evaluation of the technical feasibility, economic viability, and regulatory applicability of DOWS technology in 1999 (Veil et al. 1999). Only a modest number of DOWS systems have been installed throughout the world. Veil et al. (1999) provide information on the geology and performance of 37 of these installations, representing most of the installations that had been made through 1998. Some of the key findings from those installations are summarized below: - More than half of the installations were hydrocyclone-type DOWS (21 compared with 16 gravity separator-type DOWS). - Twenty-seven installations were in Canada and 10 were in the United States.PDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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