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Produced Water White Paper 49 5.1.2.4 Subsea Separation This technology involves remote oil/water separation at the sea floor rather than downhole. A Norwegian company developed a subsea separation and injection system (SUBSIS) that separates the produced fluids from an offshore well at a treatment module located on the sea floor. Because size is not limited to the dimensions of a well bore, the SUBSIS equipment is much larger than the DOWS tools previously described. The SUBSIS module weighs 400 tons and is 17 meters long and wide and 6 meters high. The SUBSIS began full operation in August 2001 at Norsk Hydro’s Troll field, in water at a depth of 350 meters and about 4 kilometers from the Troll C platform. Initial results indicated that 23,000 bpd of produced fluids were separated into 16,000 bpd of oil and gas and 7,000 bpd of water. The water was injected into a dedicated injection well directly from the SUBSIS unit (Wolff 2000; Offshore 2000). Von Flatern (2003) reports the results of a year-long trial of the SUBSIS. During the trial, the SUBSIS handled a maximum flow of 60,000 bpd and a typical flow of 20,000 bpd. The oil concentration in the separated water stream dropped from an initial level of about 600 ppm to a much lower 15 ppm. Because the water injected from the SUBSIS did not need to come to the surface at the Troll platform and occupy some of its water handling capacity, the Troll platform was able to produce an additional 2.5 million bbl of oil during the year-long trial (von Flatern 2003). 5.2 Water Recycle and Reuse Options In many cases, produced water can be put to other uses. Sometimes the water can be used without treatment, particularly when the produced water is very clean to start with (e.g., many samples of CBM water) or the end use does not require high water quality (e.g., some water flood projects). In many other cases, the water must be treated before it can be reused. The cost of treating the water to meet an end use is an important factor in determining the types of reuse options that will be considered. This section describes a variety of approaches to recycling and reusing produced water. A recent report that focuses on beneficial reuse of CBM produced water (ALL 2003) provides more detail on many of the options described throughout Section 5.2. 5.2.1 Underground Injection for Increasing Oil Recovery The most commonly used approach for managing onshore produced water is reinjection into an underground formation. Although some produced water is injected solely for disposal, most produced water (71%) is injected to maintain reservoir pressure and to hydraulically drive oil toward a producing well. This practice is referred to as water flooding, or if the water is heated to make steam, as steam flooding. When used to improve oil recovery, produced water ceases being a waste and becomes a resource. Without that produced water to use, operators would need to use other surface or groundwater supplies as sources of water for the water or steam flood. Typically, for water flooding, sufficient produced water volumes may not be available for injection. In these instances, other sources of water must be used to supplement the water floodingPDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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