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Produced Water White Paper 65 6.2 Cost Rates ($/bbl) The cost of managing produced water after it is already lifted to the surface and separated from the oil or gas product can range from less than $0.01 to at least several dollars per barrel. The following sections offer several examples of costs. 6.3 Offsite Commercial Disposal Costs In 1997, Argonne National Laboratory compiled information on costs charged by offsite commercial disposal companies to accept produced water, rain water, and other “water- type wastes” (Veil 1997b). The reported costs are assumed to be lower than or comparable to the costs available for onsite management by the operators themselves. Costs for disposing of these wastes are listed in Table 6-1. Overall, disposal costs are $0.01-$8/bbl, although most are $0.25-$1.50/bbl. The highest cost, $8/bbl, is charged at one facility in Wyoming for particularly dirty wastes that need pretreatment before injection. The same facility charges as low as $0.75/bbl for cleaner wastes. The lowest cost is charged by a nonprofit facility in California that operates as a cooperative for several member users. These costs are solely disposal costs; the cost of transporting the water to the facilities is additional. By far, the most common commercial disposal method for produced water is injection. The range of costs for injection is the same as that described in the previous paragraph. Ten companies in Wyoming, five companies in Utah, and four companies in New Mexico use evaporation to dispose of produced water. The cost is $0.25-$2.50/bbl. Another New Mexico company uses a combination of evaporation and injection, at a cost of $0.69/bbl. The nonprofit California company described above, which also uses a combination of evaporation and injection, charges $0.01-$0.09/bbl. Six companies in Pennsylvania utilize surface water discharge options. Three of these companies treat and blend produced water and discharge it directly through an NPDES permit. Another company treats the waste and discharges it to a sanitary sewer that leads to a municipal wastewater treatment plant. They charge $1-$2.10/bbl. Two municipal wastewater treatment plants accept water-type wastes but not produced water. They charge $0.65-$1.50/bbl. Another company in Pennsylvania spreads produced water on roads in the summer and discharges to a municipal wastewater treatment plant in the winter. This company charges $1.30-4.20/bbl. 6.4 Costs for Rocky Mountain Region Operators Jackson and Myers (2002, 2003) provide cost estimates for many produced water disposal methods that might be used in the states of Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. Table 5-2 is based on data from that paper. The majority of their reported costs range from $0.01/bbl for surface discharge or evaporation to more than $5.50/bbl for commercial waste haulers. The magnitude of the cost depends on the water chemistry, the regulatory requirements imposed, and the amount of treatment needed.PDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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