PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 028
RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS 2019 replicable and modular nature of solar PV project development — and a narrowing of country-level price differentials for solar PV modules (although there are exceptions, such as the United States and Japan), this means that the most competitive cost structures for solar PV are increasingly less affected by individual project characteristics than for other renewable power generation technologies. Variation remains, both within and between countries, but those with competitive markets can expect to see convergence of installed costs with best practice levels, as local supply chains become more competitive and developers gain more experience. The reduction in solar PV installed costs has been driven by cost reductions in PV modules. Between December 2009 and December 2019, module prices fell by between 87% and 92% for crystalline silicon modules, depending on the type. These module price reductions have been driven by a number of factors. First, by the continued improvement in module efficiency. This acts by reducing the surface area required for the same power output, driving down materials costs and some balance of system costs directly influenced by surface area. Second, by improvements in manufacturing that have reduced materials costs (e.g., diamond-wire sawing); third, by reduced labour costs through improved productivity and increased factory automation; fourth, by economies of scale in manufacturing, along with vertical integration of the manufacturing process from polysilicon production to module manufacture; and finally, by increased competition among suppliers. Between December 2018 and December 2019, the decrease in installed costs for crystalline silicon module-based projects was driven by module price declines of between 4% (for “low-cost” modules) and 12% (for “high-efficiency” modules). In December 2019, benchmark prices for modules in Europe ranged from USD 211/kW for low-cost manufacturers' products, to USD 267/kW for mainstream manufacturers’ products (pvXchange, 2020). At the same time, benchmark prices for high-efficiency modules stood at USD 367/kW. The year 2019 also saw the emergence of the widespread deployment of bifacial modules, which boost output by allowing reflected light onto the back of a panel to be captured. Currently, these retain a cost premium in Europe, averaging around USD 445/kW in December 2019, but the premium is often lower elsewhere. Balance-of-system (BoS) costs12 have fallen slightly less rapidly than module costs. This is in part due to very different levels of domestic market maturity (as, for example, evidenced in the degree of project developers’ experience), as well as structural differences in local labour and manufacturing costs. Different support policy structures also end up influencing competitiveness. Having said that, there are now a number of examples where, with the right regulatory and policy settings, new markets have emerged that have been able to take advantage of international developer experience and local civil engineering expertise to rapidly scale local supply chains and achieve very competitive cost structures in 1-2 years. This ability to rapidly achieve competitive cost structures in a very short time frame, sets today’s solar PV market apart from that of five years ago. It is also behind the growing number of very competitive solar PV auction and Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) results in new markets. The growth of these new markets for solar PV has also seen an increasing proportion of the market located in areas with excellent solar resources. This has led to the global weighted-average capacity factor increasing from 14% in 2010 to around 18% today. In addition to the shift to deployment in areas with better solar resources, there have been some improvements in the overall efficiency (e.g., in reducing inverter losses) of utility-scale solar PV systems. These have been dwarfed by the resource quality impact in the period of IRENA’s data, but the emergence of bifacial modules as the new electricity cost-minimising choice in some markets already for projects achieving financial close — and likely in a growing number over time — could provide another boost to capacity factors. 28 12 BoS costs for solar PV include cable and wiring, grid connection, racking and mounting, safety and security, electrical and mechanical installation, customer acquisition, financing costs, permitting, system design and profit margin.PDF Image | RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS IN 2019
PDF Search Title:
RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS IN 2019Original File Name Searched:
IRENA_Power_Generation_Costs_2019.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)