PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 053
Looking at the data at a regional level (Table 2.1), shows that the regions with the highest weighted average total installed costs in 2019 were (in descending order): “Other Asia” (that is to say, excluding China and India), Middle East and Africa, Europe, Central America and the Caribbean, and South America (excluding Brazil) and Oceania. Brazil, China and India have more mature markets and lower cost structures than their neighbours. This can be seen in their lower average installed costs for onshore wind in 2019. India and China had the most competitive weighted average total installed costs in 2019 – USD 1 055/kW and USD 1223/kW respectively – with installed costs falling by 23% in India and 10% in China, since 2010. CAPACITY FACTORS The capacity factor represents the energy output from a wind farm on an annual basis as a percentage of the farms maximum output and is predominantly determined by two factors: the quality of the wind resources where the wind farm is sited; and the turbine and balance-of-plant technology used. The trend towards more advanced and more efficient turbine technologies with larger rotor diameters and hub-heights, has seen energy outputs and capacity factors rise in most markets over the last ten years. The global weighted-average capacity factor for onshore wind increased by 81% between 1983 and 2019, from around 20% in the former year to 36% in the latter. This upward trend has also been observed during the past decade (2010-2019). During this period, there has been an almost one-third increase in the capacity factor, from just over 27% in 2010 to 36% in 2019. Between 2018 and 2019, the capacity factor went up 5%, from around 34% to 36%. Resource quality has a significant impact on capacity factors, even as technology improvements have raised outputs across the board. There is, therefore, still wide variation across markets predominantly due to differing wind resource qualities, but also, to a lesser extent, the different technologies used and site configurations. It’s worth noting that not all capacity factor improvements are the result of turbine technology improvements, as owing to advancements in remote sensing and computing, there have been improvements in wind resource characterisation and layout methods. This has enabled the selection of better wind sites and better wind turbine layouts for optimal energy output. Table 2.1 Total Installed cost ranges and weighted averages for onshore wind projects by country/region, 2010 and 2019 ONSHORE WIND 2010 2019 5th percentile Weighted average 95th percentile 5th percentile Weighted average 95th percentile (2019 USD/kW) Africa 2 226 2 291 3 196 1 448 1 952 2 189 Other Asia 1 829 2 501 2 762 1 392 2 368 3 709 Central America and the Caribbean 2 497 2 664 2 787 1 737 1 737 1 737 Eurasia 2 284 2 432 2 501 1 277 1 633 2 035 Europe 1 575 2 405 3 602 1 071 1 800 2 233 North America 1 594 2 407 3 696 1 099 1 636 2 162 Oceania 2 993 3 501 3 882 1 157 1 555 1 788 Other South America 2 399 2 644 2 729 1 123 1 718 2 270 Brazil 2 252 2 539 2 603 1 224 1 559 2 061 China 1 173 1 491 2 038 1 115 1 223 1 340 India 1 013 1 412 1 941 1 039 1 055 1 082 Source: IRENA Renewable Cost Database. 53PDF Image | RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS IN 2019
PDF Search Title:
RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS IN 2019Original File Name Searched:
IRENA_Power_Generation_Costs_2019.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)