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76 RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS 2019 OFFSHORE WIND INDUSTRY TRENDS While offshore wind was a relatively new and developing technology in 2010, this has since changed, with the technology maturing rapidly. Indeed, there was a ninefold increase in cumulative deployed capacity between 2010 and 2019, from 3 GW to 28 GW. Europe accounted for over 78% of this cumulative installed capacity (IRENA, 2020a). Currently, offshore wind makes up just under 5% of global wind (onshore and offshore) deployment. Yet, plans and targets for future deployment have been expanding, as costs decrease and the technology heads towards maturity. Annual capacity additions have averaged over 4.5 GW between 2017 and 2019 inclusive. In comparison to onshore wind projects, offshore wind farms must contend with installation, operation and maintenance in harsh marine environments. This tends to increase costs and offshore wind projects have significantly higher lead times. The planning and project development required for offshore wind farms is more complex and construction even more so, with the latter, in particular, increasing total installed costs. Given their offshore location, they also have higher grid connection and construction costs. Offshore wind project installed costs peaked around the period of 2012-13, as projects were sited farther form shore, in deeper waters, and have been using more advanced technology. With the recent increase in deployments, cost reductions have been unlocked. This has been driven by technology improvements, economies of scale and increase in developer and turbine manufacturer experience. However, the increasing maturity of the industry is also reflected in cost saving programmes such as the standardisation of turbine and foundation designs, the industrialisation of manufacturing for offshore wind components in regional hubs, and the increasing sophistication and speed of installation practices. Installation times and costs per unit of capacity are falling with developer experience, the use of specialised ships designed for offshore wind work and increases in turbine size that amortise installation efforts for one turbine over ever larger capacities. The introduction of specialised ships for maintenance has also helped lower O&M costs. However, the scale and optimisation benefits of providing O&M to large offshore wind farms zones is also playing a role, as is the increased wind turbine availability as manufacturers are constantly learning from experience and improving their products. Increasingly sophisticated data mining of turbine performance data and predictive maintenance programmes that are designed to intervene before costly failures are also contributing to lower O&M costs. The latter is evident in everything from larger, higher rated offshore wind turbines to improved foundations. Figure 4.2 presents the trend between 2001 and 2019 of offshore wind farms in deeper waters and farther from shore. In 2001, the weighted-average characteristics of the commissioned offshore wind farms in that year were a 25 MW windfarm in a water depth of 7 m, roughly 5 km from shore. These figures have significantly increased since, with the weighted-average distance to shore and water depth in 2019 standing at 60 km and 32 m, respectively, based on project data in the IRENA renewable cost database. Distance from a shore/port suitable for installation and water depth both impact total installed costs, given the return trips to port for foundations and turbines during installation, and size of the foundations. The distance to port also has an impact on O&M costs and decommissioning costs. In European waters, the trend to site wind farms farther from shore has also been correlated with harsher weather conditions making installation more difficult, this has added time and cost to the already high logistical costs when projects are farther from ports (EEA, 2009). In addition to offshore wind farm installations increasingly being located farther from ports and anchored in deeper waters, there has also been a trend towards higher capacity turbines, with higher hub heights and longer, more efficient and durable blades. These are now specially designed for the offshore sector and to increase energy capture. This is crucial in reducing the LCOE of offshore projects. The larger turbines also provide economies of scale, with a reduction in installation costs and an amortisation of project development and O&M costs (Figure 4.3).PDF Image | RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS IN 2019
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