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Hydropower is a capital-intensive technology, often requiring long lead times, with this especially true for large capacity projects. The lead time involves development, permitting, site development, construction and commissioning. Hydropower projects are large, complex civil engineering projects and extensive site surveys, collection of inflow data (if not already available), environmental assessments and permitting all take time and extra often have to be completed before site access and preparation can be undertaken. There are two major costs components for hydropower projects: • The civil works for the hydropower plant construction, which include any infrastructure development required to access the site, grid connection, any works associated with mitigating identified environmental issues and the project development costs. • The procurement costs related to electro- mechanical equipment. Civil construction work (which includes the dam, tunnels, canal and construction of the powerhouse) usually make up the largest share of total installed costs for large hydropower plants (Table 5.1).28 Following this, costs for fitting out the powerhouse (including shafts and electro-mechanical equipment, in specific cases) are the next largest capital outlay, accounting for around 30% of the total costs. The long lead times for these types of hydropower projects (7-9 years or more) means that owner costs (including project development costs) can be a significant portion of the overall costs, due to the need for working capital and interestduringconstruction. Additional items that can add significantly to overall costs include the pre-feasibility and feasibility studies, consultations with local stakeholders and policy-makers, environmental and socio-economic mitigation measures and land acquisition. However, in certain circumstances cost shares can vary widely. This is especially true if a project is adding capacity to an existing hydropower dam or river schemes or where hydropower is being added to an existing dam that was developed without electricity generation in mind. The total installed costs for the majority of hydropower projects commissioned between 2010 and 2019, range from a low of around USD 600/kW to a high of around USD 4 500/kW (Figure 5.2). It is not unusual, however, to find projects outside this range. For instance, adding hydropower capacity to an existing dam that was built for other purposes may have costs as low as USD 450/kW, while remote sites, with poor infrastructure and located far from existing transmission networks, can cost significantly more than USD 4500/kW, due to higher logistical, civil engineering and grid connection costs. Between 2010 and 2019, the global weighted- average total installed cost of new hydropower rose from USD 1 254/kW to USD 1 704/kW. There was some volatility, year-on-year, with increases driven by the share of deployment in different regions and changes in project-specific costs. Table 5.1 Total installed cost breakdown by component and capacity weighted averages for 25 hydropower projects in China, India and Sri Lanka, 2010-2016 HYDROPOWER Project Component Share of total installed costs (%) Minimum Weighted average Maximum Civil works 17 45 65 Mechanical equipment 18 33 66 Planning and other 6 16 29 Grid connection 1 6 17 Cost of land 1 3 8 Source: IRENA Renewable Cost Database. 91PDF Image | RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS IN 2019
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