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0.20 Fossil fuel cost range 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 2007 2009 Binary 2011 Direct steam Capacity (MW) 2013 Flash types 1 100 2015 2017 2019 2021 Enhanced Hybrid n.a. 200 ≥ 300 RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS 2019 Figure 6.4 presents the LCOEs of geothermal power projects by technology and size for the period 2007 to 2021. During this period, the LCOE varied from as low as USD 0.04/kWh for second- stage development of an existing field to as high as USD 0.17/kWh for greenfield developments in remote areas. The global weighted-average LCOE increased from around USD 0.05/kWh for projects commissioned in 2010 to around USD 0.07/kWh in 2019. With relatively little variation in project capacity factors, the LCOE of geothermal power projects tends to follow the trends in total installed costs. For the period 2019 to 2021, the data available suggests the LCOE could fall. However, this will depend on whether projects meet their commissioning goals and if not, whether cost overruns are incurred. For this study, a project economic life of 25 years was assumed, along with O&M costs of USD 115/kW/year. Capacity factors were based on project data, if available; if not, national averages were used. O&M costs for geothermal projects are high relative to onshore wind and solar PV, in particular, because over time the reservoir pressure around the production well declines. This reduces well productivity and eventually power generation production, if remedial measures are not taken. In order to maintain production at the designed capacity factor, the reservoir and production profile of the geothermal power plants requires agile management, which will also typically mean the need to incorporate additional production wells over the lifetime of the plant. O&M costs of USD 115/kW/year therefore also include two sets of wells for makeup and re-injection over the 25-year life of the project, in order to maintain performance. Figure 6.4 LCOE of geothermal power projects by technology and project size, 2007-2021 Source: IRENA Renewable Cost Database. 108 2019 USD/kWhPDF Image | RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS IN 2019
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