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RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS 2019 Concentrating solar power (CSP) systems work by concentrating the sun’s rays using mirrors to create heat. In most systems today, the heat created from the sun’s energy is transferred to a heat transfer fluid. Electricity is then generated in a steam cycle, using the heat transfer fluid to create steam an generate as in conventional thermal power plants. CSP plants today typically also include low-cost thermal storage systems to decouple generation from the sun. Most commonly, a two-tank molten salt storage system is used, but designs vary. With reference to the mechanism by which solar collectors concentrate solar irradiation, it is possible to classify CSP systems into ‘line concentrating’ and ‘focal concentrating’ varieties. This refers to the arrangement of the concentrating mirrors. The most widely deployed linear concentrating systems are parabolic trough collectors (PTCs). These systems are made up of parabolic trough shaped mirrors, that are connected together in ‘loops’. The parabolic trough mirrors are also known as collectors and concentrate the solar radiation along a heat receiver tube (absorber). This is a thermally efficient component placed in the collector’s focal line. Single-axis tracking systems are traditionally used to increase energy absorption across the day and ensure the highest temperature feasible for of the heat transfer fluid (often thermal oil) is reached given the intensity of the solar irradiation and the technical characteristics of the concentrators and heat transfer fluid. These transfer the heat through a heat exchange system to produce superheated steam, which drives a turbine to generate electricity. Another type of linear-focusing CSP plant, though much less deployed, uses Fresnel collectors. This type of plant relies on an array of almost flat mirrors that concentrate the sun’s rays onto elevated linear receivers above the mirror array. Unlike parabolic trough systems, in Fresnel collector systems, the receivers are not attached to the collectors, but situated in a fixed position several metres above the primary mirror field Fresnel systems. Solar towers (STs), sometimes also known as power towers, are the most widely deployed focal point CSP technology. In these systems, the mirrors are called heliostats (a ground-based array of mirrors). The heliostat field is arranged in a circular or semi- circular pattern around a large central receiver tower. Each heliostat is individually programmed to track the sun, orientating constantly in two axes to concentrate solar irradiation onto the receiver located at the top of a tower. The central receiver absorbs the heat through a heat transfer medium,33 which turns it into electricity – typically through a water-steam thermodynamic cycle. Solar towers can achieve the highest solar concentration factors (above 1000 suns) and therefore the highest operating temperatures. This gives them and advantage in terms of greater steam cycle generating efficiency and in reducing the cost of thermal energy storage, reducing generating costs and resulting in higher capacity factors. Cumulative CSP installed capacity grew five-fold, globally, between 2010 and 2019, to reach around 6.3 GW. However, compared with other renewable energy technologies, CSP can still be considered in its infancy, in terms of deployment. After very modest activity in 2016 and 2017 – with annual additions hovering around 100 MW per year – the global market for CSP grew in 2018 and 2019. In those years, an increasing number of projects came online in China, Morocco and South Africa. Yet, new capacity additions overall remained relatively low, at 660 MW per year on average, during that period. The sector was optimistic China’s plans to scale up the technology domestically would provide a boost to the industry and take deployment to new levels. China’s policy to support the build-out of 20 commercial-scale plants to scale up a variety of technology solutions, develop supply chains and gain operating experience included an ambitious timeline for completion. A number of developers were able to meet the required commissioning dates, but many have struggled for a variety of reasons from land acquisition issues to EPC contractor delays. Despite these delays, a further three projects are likely to be commissioned in 2020. The industry 122 33 Some solar tower designs that have been developed, however, aim to avoid the use of the heat transfer medium and instead directly produce steam.PDF Image | RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS IN 2019
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