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1 Background and Objectives to the Study As more consumers and businesses move to electric vehicles (EVs), the number of EV batteries reaching end-of-life (EOL) has started to increase and is projected to grow dramatically in the next 5 to 10 years. While many companies are gearing up for this opportunity, the infrastructure to collect and process these batteries at EOL in North America is not yet in place, and various actors along the supply chain have different concerns, particularly with a move to new EV battery chemistries that contain less cobalt and are therefore less valuable to recyclers. The reuse of EV batteries, especially for energy storage applications, is gaining traction, extending the life of these products for a number of years before they require recycling. In January 2019, API commissioned Kelleher Environmental to conduct a study on the current and near- term future processes employed in the reuse and recycling of EV batteries. The goal is to provide API with a better understanding of the potential technical, environmental, energy and cost issues associated with battery recycling and second-life uses that may arise from the expected global growth in EVs over the next two decades. The key objectives of this study are to: 1. Identify differences in EV battery technologies with respect to size, component configuration, chemistry, material composition and other factors that might impact on the energy, environmental and cost impacts of recycling these batteries at EOL; 2. Identify current and near-term (5-10 years) future commercial processes being used or that could be used for the recycling and reuse of EV batteries at their end-of-useful life; 3. Identify the potential technical, environmental, cost and energy impacts associated with EV battery recycling and second-life applications including any engineering or financial or other barriers; 4. Identify knowledge gaps and areas that could be further investigated; and 5. Document the study findings in a clearly laid out and easy-to-follow report. obstacles KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 1PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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