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3 EV Battery Sales, End-of-Life Projections, Management Options, and Future Designs This section provides a range of projections for future EV sales in the US to 2030, an estimate of end-of- life (EOL) EV batteries available for reuse or recycling to 2030, and broad descriptions of reuse and recycling options (addressed in more detail in Sections 4 and 5, respectively). It also addresses potential future trends in EV battery chemistry and costs, all of which would impact on EV sales. Given the rapidly changing nature of the EV market, these projections should be updated on an annual basis until the steady state of mature market situation for EV sales is clearer. A series of Appendices (A to H) to this report contain background information on EV battery design, composition, chemistries used in different vehicles, etc., which may be valuable for some readers. 3.1 EV Sales in the US 2011 to 2018 Table 1 presents information on the total number of EVs sold in the US from 2011 to 2018. The information is presented graphically in Figure 1. The table and figure show that hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) accounted for most of the annual E V sales until about 2013, and that sales of HEVs levelled off as plug- in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and b a t t e r y electric vehicles (BEVs) ( where the battery provides the sole means of propulsion) entered the market after 2012. Much of the dramatic increase in EV sales in the US in 2018 is related to Tesla reaching its target of selling 200,000 EVs in the US. The table shows the types of batteries used in the three different types of EVs (described in more detail in Appendix A), generally: • Either nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) or lithium-ion (li-ion) in HEVs; and • Li-ion in all PHEVs and BEVs. Appendix E shows the specific batteries used by different HEV, PHEV and BEV manufacturers. It is worth noting that Toyota has traditionally preferred nickel-based batteries, whereas most other manufacturershavetrendedtowards li-ionbatteries. KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 3PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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