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Batteries used in electric buses weigh about 3.5 tons17 and approximately 89% are lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistry18, which is considered “fire safe.” BYD, currently the largest electric bus manufacturer, claims that LFP batteries can last up to 7,200 charge/discharge cycles, corresponding to a 20-year lifespan if cycled once daily.19 Proterra, another significant player in the electric bus manufacturing business, suggests a mid-life cycle replacement of their lithium titanate oxide (LTO) battery after six years. Given the very minimal numbers of electric buses in the US at this time, limited short-term (five years) projected growth, and wide variation in projected lifespans, very few EOL BEB batteries will require management by 2025, or even 2030. Management of batteries from BEBs is unlikely to emerge as an issue in the next 10 years, and therefore it is not considered further in this report. 3.5 Options for EV End of Life Batteries When an EV battery reaches EOL for the purposes of an EV, it can be directed to either reuse or recycling: • Reuse – EOL EV batteries still have significant capacity (typically 70% to 80%)20 after they are removed from an EV, and can be reclaimed for a “second-life” in many applications. Various “second uses” are being explored by companies ranging from large OEMs to small one-person operations. These second-life applications may extend the lifespan of EV batteries by between six to 30 years.21 Reuse options are discussed in more detail in Section 4 of this report. • Recycling – Some EOL EV batteries are sent directly to recycling, where the EV battery is dismantled and hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical and/or other technologies are used to recover valuable chemicals and metals such as cobalt, nickel and aluminum. Recycling is discussed in more detail in Section 5 of this report. Figure 4 shows a depiction of EOL pathways for EV batteries, but does not show the EV batteries being refurbished and reused in EVs which is another application discussed in Section 4. The relative proportions of EV batteries currently at EOL that are reused vs. recycled is unknown. The numbers of EOL EVs are relatively small to date. Some are managed by OEMs who send them to either reuse or recycling discussed 17 Grütter Consulting. December 2014. “Real World Performance of Hybrid and Electric Buses: Environmental and Financial Performance of Hybrid and Battery Electric Transit Buses Based on Real World Performance of Large Operational Fleets.”PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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