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and discharging conditions during its use in a vehicle.66 This is one of the most time- consuming steps of EOL EV battery reclamation and is one where the EV battery reuse market has opportunities for increasing efficiencies and thereby lowering costs. Spiers New Technologies (SNT) of Oklahoma City is the largest company involved in EV battery reuse in the US (further detail in Section 4.3.1). Other companies involved in battery reuse include ITAP and Smart Metals, which reuse batteries from consumer electronics. Both were contacted for this study. ITAP confirmed that they reuse EV battery components and Smart Metals indicated that they receive a minimal number of EV batteries. 4.3.1 SpiersNewTechnologies(SNT),OklahomaCity,US A number of Kelleher contacts have visited SNT’s plant and report that it is a very professional, well-run and impressive operation which is at scale. Members of the Kelleher team a l s o attended a presentation made by Dirk Spiers in April, 2019. Established in 2014 and based in Oklahoma City, SNT is one of the more prominent EV battery reuse companies in North American. According to owner Dirk Spiers, the company’s mission is to ‘extend the economic life of battery packs and then offer a closed loop system’ for EOL management after first use. In a February 2019 article67, Frost & Sullivan, a battery market research company, stated that SNT is the only market participant that handles repairing, repurposing, refurbishing, and remanufacturing (4Rs) of EV batteries for almost all automotive OEMs in the US. The company also engages in some cathode-to-cathode-recycling. Most of the battery packs SNT receives come from dealers’ warranty replacements as well as from test projects. The used EV batteries it receives are directed to three reuse pathways: • Some are returned to vehicle use under a warranty replacement; • Some are repurposed (SNT will assess feasibility of different repurposed deployments); or • Some are broken down into their constituent parts and the materials recycled (SNT notes there is a lot of capacity for recycling EV batteries in the market in April, 2019). 66 UL. “The Afterlife of Electric Vehicle Batteries.”PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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