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(discussed in Section 5). While the NREL study81 and research is four years old, it provides some guidance on broad cost ranges for EV battery reuse, and the model can be easily updated with current costs. The latter is a recommendation which we make with respect to potential areas for future research. The NREL study concluded the following regarding PHEV battery reuse in 2015: • The most promising application was found to be to replace grid connected combustion turbine peaker plants and provide peak shaving services; • Compared to automotive service, use in peak shaving applications would entail relatively benign duty cycles, where the second-life battery would be expected to last an additional 10 years; • Community benefits would include: decreased cost of peaker plant operation, reduced GHG emissions and fossil fuel consumption, and deferral of battery recycling. Some contacts interviewed for this study felt that the market for reconditioned batteries will decline as the price of new li-ion batteries drops to $100/kWh. However, a report by Element Energy anticipates that the economics of the reuse stream will remain favorable even at a new li-ion battery cost of below $100/kWh and that up to 70% of EOL EV batteries could enter this pathway. Concerns raised about liability and insurance risks related to reconditioned units in energy storage applications could impact these predictions.82 A June 2019 report from Circular Energy Storage based in London, UK states that “the most important reason for second- life of EV batteries becoming the norm is that the values of the batteries that go into reuse are much higher than batteries sent for recycling.”83 The report quotes the current value of second-life EV batteries at $60 to $300 per kWh, depending on the market and application. It anticipates that these values will follow the downward trend of new EV battery costs and drop to $43/kWh in 2030. These estimates fall in line with predictions made by Bloomberg New Energy Finance84 and by Element Energy.85 Element Energy carried out a recent EU study on the relative economics of reuse vs. EV batteries. This study predicted that in 2030, under the baseline recycling case and scenario, the estimated price paid by the end-customer for repurposed batteries would compared to the purchase price of $70/kWh for new EV batteries. The economic analysis included 81 National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Neubauer, J., Smith, K., Wood, E., and A. Pesaran. February 2015. “Identifying and Overcoming Critical Barriers to Widespread Second Use of PEV Batteries.”PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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