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Table 9 EV Battery Reuse Cost Estimates (Circular Energy Storage, 2019) New Battery Second Price Life DoD Vehicle PHEV20 PHEV20 PHEV20 PHEV20 Second Life Health Factor Refurbished Battery Market Price ($/kWh) Used Battery Salvage Value ($/kWh) Cost of Refurbishment ($/kWh) $250/kWh 60% BEV75 0.33 83 51 32 0.29 73 43 30 0.65 163 117 46 0.29 44 19 25 0.65 98 64 34 50% BEV75 0.72 180 131 49 $150/kWh 60% BEV75 0.33 50 24 26 50% BEV75 0.72 108 72 36 4.5 Technical and Policy Issues with EV Battery Reuse 4.5.1 AdditionalLifespaninSecondUse EV battery reuse keeps the battery in operation for a number of additional years and saves resources that would be required to manufacture a new battery for the same application. Generally, second-life applications are possible until the battery has 60% of its charge remaining, or is at a reasonable SoH for the application in which it has been reused. One technical issue in evaluating policies aimed at EV battery reuse is the paucity of data on the length of time these batteries are deployed in second use applications before being recycled. There are currently no real-life examples to draw on as EV batteries have not yet been through their first or second life cycle in practice. Therefore lifespan data is theoretical, based on lab testing and modeling using various assumptions and professional judgment. Some of the factors that can affect the lifespan of second-life batteries include usage patterns in its first life, battery degradation curves which vary significantly by battery chemistry, a n d the effect of capacity fade and calendar aging, among others. Many of the models used to estimate second use lifespan only consider cyclic aging (i.e. number of cycles the battery undergoes). In a study funded by the Spanish government and presented in an academic article in the Journal of Environmental Management (February, 2019), lifespans were modeled for four potential reuse applications for EV batteries. Based on the theoretical modeling, the researchers estimated lifespans in a number of second use applications. A number of other studies have also estimated lifespans in second use applications. The dates of these studies range from 2009 to 2015, and many more studies KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 39PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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