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are currently underway on this topic. Results identified to date are summarized in Table 10. Table 10 Lifespans Reported for EV Batteries in Reuse Applications88 Second Life Application of EV Battery Power support to fast EV charging stations Grid oriented service (area regulation and transmission deferral) Additional Years of Lifespan After First Use in EV 30 years 6-12 years Energy Storage Systems (ESS) EV batteries lose an additional 15% of capacity after an additional 10 years of use Home Energy Storage 12 years Miscellaneous applications 3-15 years and 8-20 years depending on application Research carried out by NREL in 2015 suggested that EV batteries could last an additional 10 years in energy storage applications. Although it is now considered out of date, research published in the UK in 2014 suggested lifespans of three to 15 years for various network and energy management applications89. A research paper published in 2019 analyzed additional battery lifespans for four different stationary applications and concluded that second life batteries used for EV charging support could last about 30 years, compared to only six years when used in a grid service application.90 A lack of confirmed data on EV lifespans in second use is listed as a research gap for future study in Section 9 of this document. 4.5.2 Provenance and Tracking of Reused EV Batteries and Cells Knowing the provenance of a battery cell or pack is key to understanding how it can be integrated into various reuse applications. Everledger, a UK-based company, has developed a blockchain application to track the provenance of battery cells and packs throughout their life cycles. Through the Global Battery Alliance it is using the blockchain to track EV batteries through the reuse supply chain for large auto OEMs such as Audi, as well as auto industry suppliers such as Johnson Controls and Saft. 88Casals, L.C., Garcia, B.A., and C. Canal. (2019). “Second life batteries lifespan: Rest of useful life and environmental analysis.” Journal of Environmental Management, 232, 354-363. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.046 89 Strickland, D., Chittock, L., Stone, D.A., Foster, M.P., and B. Price. (2014). “Estimation of Transportation Battery Second Life for Use in Electricity Grid Systems.” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 5(3): 795-803.PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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