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4.5.3 Standards,SafetyandStandardizedTerminology Currently, when an EV reaches EOL, the batteries are sent to automotive recyclers, along with the rest of the vehicle. Automotive recyclers are generally not familiar with the hazards of storing and managing EOL EV batteries and are c u r r e n t l y unable to determine the SoH of the battery packs. Auto dealers have technicians and trained mechanics on-site who can assess and replace EOL EV batteries if needed. However, dealers often send the EV batteries to battery reuse companies, described earlier in this section. There are no established and recognized definitions and standards in place to classify repurposed batteries so that all players in the supply chain clearly understand the product performance and characteristics. This is needed to ensure product safety for repurposed EV batteries. A recent study noted the need for standardization of approaches through the supply chain.91 There are a few established, professional companies now in the EV battery reuse business who understand SoH testing. These companies do not use a standardized protocol for describing batteries in the reuse market at this time. As it stands now, only vehicle manufacturers and dealers have the ability to check the diagnostic codes displayed by the packs to assess their SoH. As refurbishing EV batteries has become more common in the last five years or so, standardized procedures and safety precautions are slowly becoming an industry norm. Refurbishing EV batteries can put untrained workers at risk of electric shock that can result in serious injury or death. Battery systems may also contain chemicals that can be harmful to human health if released. For this reason, a number of organizations including Automotive Recyclers Association (ARA), Automotive Recyclers of Canada, and Underwriters Laboratories (UL) are putting considerable effort into training courses and safety manuals.92 Other groups t h a t have contributed resources to further worker health and safety for EV battery reuse and recycling include the NREL, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the US Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC), the Fire Protection Research Foundation, and the Society for Automotive Engineers. A series of fires at m a t e r i a l recycling facilities (MRFs) (facilities that process recyclable materials such as paper and plastic from residential as well as commercial sources) in the last few years has raised concerns about the dangers of storing li-ion batteries. Ryan Fogelman, Vice President of Strategic Partnerships at Fire Rover which sells fire detection and suppression systems, has been tracking fires reported at waste and recycling facilities since 2016. His data show that in 2018 alone, 365 fires were reported at waste management facilities across the US and Canada, particularly MRFs processing residentially collected paper and plastic.93 Fogelman notes that li-ion batteries “present an increased level of risk because they’re more difficult to control: while gas tanks can be emptied, li-ion batteries...create their own oxygen so they can start fires anywhere - in screens, in conveyors, and at any of the process.”94 91 Catton, J.W.A., Walker, S.B., McInnis, P., Folwer, M., Fraser, R.A., Young, S.B., and B. Gaffney. (2019). “Design and Analysis of the Use of Re- Purposed Electric Vehicle Batteries for Stationary Energy Storage in Canada.” Batteries, 5(14), 1-19. 92 Personal communication Steve Fletcher, 17th April, 2019 93 Maile, K. July 2, 2019. “Using a combinational approach to prevent facility fires.” Waste Today.PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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