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“The ‘damaged but not critical’ battery pack must be transported in a UN-approved container, including packaging material that prevents the evolution of heat,” he explains. “The ‘damaged and critical’ battery requires a special steel container for transportation, which includes a built-in fire extinguishing system. To uninstall the battery from the vehicle and to package the battery into the container, you need a certified high-voltage expert present, as the energy density is so high and the battery could spontaneously combust, resulting in an immediate fire. In both scenarios, the container or package must be labelled with the UN Class 9 label for lithium-ion batteries and a UN Material Data Safety Sheet must also be filled out. If the critical battery is also classified as end-of-life (as opposed to second-life), the transport is subject to waste regulation, which requires the availability of respective licenses and, in certain cases, the approval of the relevant authorities. This includes specifying which routes can be used. “Kuehne and Nagel has valid waste transport brokerage licenses for over 20 European countries, which is important as there is very limited capacity for the recycling of lithium-ion batteries,” comments Glass. “That, again, results in a lot of cross-border trucking activities. National trucking companies often do not have the license to operate in another country, and violations against waste regulations are subject to high penalties and fines.” Cross-border transport and recycling Cross-border transport of lithium batteries is a particularly complex operation, requiring a fully documented recycling certificate. With this in mind, environmental services provider Interseroh and waste management service provider Saubermacher have created what they say is the first global recycling service for lithium- ion batteries, known as SimpLi Return, which provides all services along the entire waste management chain. The online portal centralises all data and documentation, giving companies the ability to follow their batteries step by step on their recycling journey. Special containers for safe transport are also provided, and batteries are packaged onsite. “The availability of special steel containers for critical batteries is limited and the asset is up to ten times more expensive compared to the non-critical package,” continues Glass. “The transport available to move the critical battery is also limited and comparatively expensive, as legislation requires a special vehicle with special equipment and specially-trained drivers. In both cases, transport is subject to the respective dangerous goods regulations.”109 109 Ibid. KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 45PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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