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5 EV Battery Recycling 5.1 High Level Description of Recycling Processes and Steps As previously mentioned, today’s EV batteries can be either NiMH (for HEVs only) or li-ion (needed for PHEVs and BEVs). Although the exact mix of rare elements in the hydride may vary slightly, NiMH batteries all have very similar chemistry. For this reason, there is no need to differentiate among NiMH batteries, which simplifies the recycling process. Li-ion batteries contain a wider variety of materials in each cell, which makes the recycling process more complex, including: o Zinc,lithium,manganese,copper,aluminum,steel,cobalt o Plasticcomponents:polypropylene,PET o Graphiticcarbon o Solvent,electrolyte(sulfuricacid) o Fiberglass o Coolant/batterymanagementsystem. All of these materials must be separated from each other during recycling. The paragraphs that follow describe the different types of processes that are currently used to recycle li- ion batteries: Manual processes: Because EV batteries come in a large variety of formats and chemistries, t h e first step in EV battery recycling is to sort and identify battery chemistries based on visual inspection and/or shipping information, and direct the batteries to safe workbenches for dismantling. Trained technicians manually disassemble the battery packs to the cell or module level112, with assembly pieces, wiring and circuitry separated from actual battery cells. Manual disassembly is carried out using small- to medium-sized manual and power tools, though several parties interviewed for this report mentioned that some battery packs – and even battery cells – are designed with complicated, welded casings or mechanical fasteners that deter disassembly. This makes it more difficult to prepare EOL EV batteries for further processing, which increases the costs incurred. Safety training is critical for anyone involved in storing or dismantling EV batteries. The dismantling instructions provided by the EV battery maker are the optimal source of data for the manual disassembly process. 112 Email correspondence from Kathy Bruce, Senior Vice President, Retriev Technologies Ltd., kbruce@retrievtech.com, Trail, Environmental, April 30, 2019. KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 47 BC, with KelleherPDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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