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No details are available on the technologies used in the Li-Cycle process. Interviews with the company’s CEO carried out for this project indicated that all technical details are proprietary. He did, however, mention that the mechanical component is the “secret sauce” which makes the process different to other recyclers. Key outputs from the Li-Cycle process are: • Lithium as lithium carbonate: For now, this material will be sent to South Korea as an input to battery production; • Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese hydroxide product as cake: This material will be sent to a smelter in South Korea for now, but future processes will recover cobalt sulfate and nickel sulfate as separate streams; • Copper; • Graphite: this material is unlikely to go back into batteries because of very stringent quality needs. The CEO indicated that quite a lot of research was required to make this stream sellable; • Aluminum; and • Ferrous metal – which will go to a secondary market. In a recent patent [A. Kochhar, T. G. Johnston, A Process, Apparatus, and System for Recovering Materials from Batteries, WO2018218358A1 (2018)], seven main components (cobalt, lithium, copper, graphite, nickel, aluminum, and manganese) were reported to comprise >90% of the economic value of a spent li-ion battery: Co (39%) and Li (16%, as LCE equivalent) followed by Cu (12%), graphite (10%), Ni (9%), Al (5%) and Mn (2%).156 As with other companies that claim a potential 100% recovery of materials through recycling, while this value might have been measured in laboratories with a homogeneous feed stream of production scrap, it is not considered achievable with a heterogeneous mixture of EV batteries. 5.3.4 Fortum, Finland Using a hydrometallurgical process, Fortum – the state-owned energy services company in Finland – reported in March, 2019 t h a t it is able to recycle up to 80% of a li- ion battery.157 The company’s efforts a r e focused primarily on high energy density NMC batteries of the type used in EVs. A sludgy mixture of lithium, manganese and cobalt known as a ‘black mass’ remains after plastics, copper and aluminum have been removed for recycling. Fortum claimed it has developed a unique process for recovering these precious materials, which it has already implemented “on an industrial scale” at a facilityinHarjavalta,Finland.Start-upCrisolteqdevelopedthe technologyforFortum. 156 Pagliaro, M., & F. Meneguzzo. (2019). “Lithium battery reusing and recycling: A circular economy insight.” Heliyon, 5(6), e01866.PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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