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6 Environmental, Energy, and Cost Impacts of EV Battery Reuse and Recycling A review of the academic literature has been undertaken to identify the environmental and energy impacts of EV battery reuse and recycling. While extensive work has been done on the environmental impacts of EV batteries, most of this work is focused on the use phase of the EV battery. Some references were found focusing specifically on energy and environmental impacts of EV battery reuse and recycling. Many of the studies combine both energy and environmental impacts of reuse vs. recycling in the same figures. Where this is the case, no effort has been taken to split out energy from environment or recycling from reuse discussions. 6.1 Energy and Environmental Impacts of EV Battery Reuse Using second-life EV batteries for energy storage allows energy providers to reduce the environmental impacts associated with producing and using new batteries, which have traditionally been lead-acid battery,178 although most utilities have started using li- ion batteries for energy storage systems (ESS). A number of studies have been carried out to quantify the life cycle environmental impacts of reusing EV batteries in less demanding applications, in particular as stationary ESSs. A study of an urban EV in Spain in 2013179 evaluated reuse of an LFP battery (with a Li4Ti5O12 anode and LiFePO4 cathode) as an energy storage unit in a smart building with solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. The study found that there was an overall positive environmental benefit associated with reusing the existing EV battery in the smart building application compared to manufacturing a new one for the same purpose.180 A similar study published in 2019181 analyzed four second- life application scenarios for a LFP battery by combining the following assumptions and conditions: (i) reuse of the EV battery or manufacturing of a new battery as energy storage unit in a smart building application; and (ii) use of the Spanish electricity mix or energy supply by solar PV panels. 178 Richa, K., Babbitt, C. W., Nenadic, N. G., & Gaustad, G. (2015). Environmental trade-offs across cascading lithium-ion battery life cycles. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 22(1), 66–81. doi:10.1007/s11367-015-0942-3 (sci-hub.tw/10.1007/s11367-015-0942-3) 179 Genikomsakis, K.N., Ioakimidis, C.S., Murillo, A.;, Trifonova, A., and Simic, D. (2013). “A life cycle assessment of a Li-ion urban electric vehicle battery.” In Proceedings of the 2013 World Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (EVS27), Barcelona, Spain, 17–20 November 2013 180 ibid. 181 Ioakimidis, C.S., Murillo-Marrodan, A., Bagheri, A., Thomas, D., and K.N. Genikomakis. “Life Cycle Assessment of a Lithium Iron Phosphate Electric Vehicle Battery in Second Life Application Scenarios.” doi:10.3390/su11092527 KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 86 (LFP)PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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