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The results showed that there is significant environmental benefit from reusing the existing EV battery in the secondary application instead of manufacturing a new battery to be used for the same purpose and time frame. A Canadian study published in 2019182 estimated that repurposing EV batteries for stationary energy storage applications resulted in a potential 56% reduction in GHG emissions or 24 tonnes of CO2eq, over the total 18-year lifetime of the EV battery. The GHG emission savings primarily come from the use of PHEVs over conventional gas-powered vehicles and by offsetting the use of coal and natural gas power with the potential use of renewable power supported by a second-use EV battery.183 An LCA study conducted by Ahmadi et al. (2017)184 examined the second- life application of a li-ion battery with a LiFePO4 cathode and graphite anode. The study’s scope included the entire manufacturing sequence of li-ion battery, first use in the EV, re-purposing, second use in ESS, and recycling. This includes all major processes, significant materials and energy flows to the point where materials are extracted from or emitted to the natural environment. Assuming that battery production and vehicle production occured in East Asia, and that the use, remanufacturing and reuse phases occurred within Ontario, Canada, the study found that the total amount of GHG emissions associated with a li-ion battery over its life cycle is 0.25 kg CO2eq per 1kWh delivered by the battery pack, and battery reuse accounts for 26% of this total. Figure 37 from the study shows the estimated environmental impacts of a li-ion battery pack during its entire life cycle, including reuse. 182 Catton, J.W.A., Walker, S.B., McInnis, P., Folwer, M., Fraser, R.A., Young, S.B., and B. Gaffney. (2019). “Design and Analysis of the Use of Re- Purposed Electric Vehicle Batteries for Stationary Energy Storage in Canada.” Batteries, 5(14), 1-19. 183 Ibid. 184 Ahmadi, L.; Young, S.B.; Fowler, M.; Fraser, R.A.; Achachlouei, M.A. A cascaded life cycle: Reuse of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery packs in energy storage systems. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2017, 22, 111–124. KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 87PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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