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material flow on which the analysis was based. In the figure C1 refers to the starting year of the EOL EV battery flow; C2 is 5 years later and C3 is 9 years after the starting year. The analysis assumes the first additional use is for 5 years and a second cascaded use could last an additional 4 years. Figure 38 Material Flow Assumptions on Which Energy Analysis is Based (Adapted from Richa et al) 187 The study estimated that 200,000 MJ of cumulative energy demand (CED) would be saved through EV battery reuse in an older EV for an additional 4.5 years, which the authors estimated is equivalent to avoiding the production of 11 new EV battery packs (18kWh each). The EV mix modeled in the study consisted of 25% BEV, 36% long range PHEV and 39% short range PHEVs. LMO battery chemistry was assumed. It was concluded that for long range battery packs the avoided CED impact of li-ion production exceeded the CED of charge-discharge losses, replacement cells and li-ion battery testing by a net benefit of 3,200 MJ for an EV pack and 73 MJ for a PHEV pack.188 The energy and environmental impacts of EV battery reuse and recycling quantified in the study are presented in Figure 39. 187 Richa, K., Babbitt, C.W., & G. Gaustad. (2017). “Eco-Efficiency Analysis of a Lithium-Ion Battery Waste Hierarchy Inspired by Circular Economy.” Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 715-730. < https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12607> - Figure adapted for this report. 188 Ibid. KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 89PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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