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Figure 39 Estimated Environmental and Energy Impacts of the Reuse and Recycling of 1,000 EV Batteries in the US189 The authors of the study found that these benefits are magnified almost tenfold when used EV batteries are cascaded in a second use for stationary energy storage. Assuming that a stationary energy system would operate for 5 years, the study found that a net CED benefit of 1,330 MJ/kWh and an eco-toxicity benefit of 626 CTUe/kWh can be achieved by cascaded use of li-ion EV batteries and by avoiding the production and use of less-efficient lead-acid batteries. If this number is scaled to the entire 1,000 EOL battery stream, a potential net CED benefit of 9.6 million MJ and 4.5 million CTUe was estimated. One limitation of the study is that it compares the energy and environmental impacts of reused li-ion batteries to purchasing new lead-acid batteries for ESS. While lead-acid batteries have been the standard battery used for energy storage by US utilities for decades, new ESSs generally use li-ion batteries, which makes the research somewhat outdated. To reflect these new realities, the research 189 Richa, K., Babbitt, C.W., & G. Gaustad. (2017). “Eco-Efficiency Analysis of a Lithium-Ion Battery Waste Hierarchy Inspired by Circular Economy.” Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 715-730. < https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12607> KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 90PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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