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Figure 43 Total Estimated Energy Consumption (MJ/kg battery) Using Recycled vs Virgin Materials196 An academic study published b y R i c h a e t a l in 2017197 found that recycling li-ion EV batteries provided CED credits of approximately 3.5 million MJ (see Figure 44), and that hydrometallurgical recycling provided 25% higher CED credits compared to the pyrometallurgical process, as pyrometallurgical processes require four times the energy of hydrometallurgical processes. The results also showed that for a mixed waste stream of equal fractions of LMO, NMC, and LFP batteries, the CED savings can be as high as 4 million MJ owing to slightly higher energy savings from recycling the NMC and LFP chemistries.198 Figure 44 Net Energy Benefit of EV Battery Recycling (CED)199 196 Ibid. 197 Richa, K., Babbitt, C.W., & G. Gaustad. (2017). “Eco-Efficiency Analysis of a Lithium-Ion Battery Waste Hierarchy Inspired by Circular Economy.” Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 715-730. < https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12607> 198 Ibid. 199 Ibid. KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 94PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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