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Figure 45 EV Battery Recycling Emissions from Different Recycling Processes for Cylindrical Cells (a,b) and Pouch Cells (c,d)203 The above findings by Ciez and Whitacre212 assume that the direct recycling process recovers 100% of the cathode material, but the authors were also interested in determining how much cathode material must be recovered to result in GHG emissions reductions. Therefore, they also compared the GHG emissions reductions from a direct cathode recycling method (at various yield rates) over not recycling the manufactured cells. The study found that using direct cathode recycling for NMC cells offered slightly larger emissions savings than using the direct cathode recycling process for NCA cells. The results also found that recycling LFP cells (both cylindrical or prismatic cells) does not result in net reductions in GHG emissions because of the incineration of non-valuable materials and the lack of nickel and cobalt content. The conclusions 203 Ciez, R.E., & J.F. Whitacre. 2019. “Examining different recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries.” Nature Sustainability, 2, 148-159. doi: 10.1038/s41893-019-0222-5 KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 97PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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