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The WPI recycling process was shown to be effective in recycling batteries that contain the most commonly used cathode materials at the time the research was completed to produce new cathode powders. But over the past few years, battery makers and car manufacturers have increasingly been moving towards higher nickel cathode formulations in efforts to reduce the quantity of cobalt contained in the cathode powders. The switch to nickel is resulting in better batteries, as nickel-rich cathodes offer higher energy density (a greater ability to store energy) than cobalt-rich cathodes. But, Wang noted, producing nickel-rich cathodes is a more demanding process that requires additional steps not required for cobalt-rich cathodes. With the new USABC award, Wang and his team want to demonstrate their ability to produce high-quality nickel-rich cathode powders from materials recovered from recycled batteries, and that those cathode powders can be incorporated into batteries with electrochemical performance on par with OEM control units made with commercial powder. This direct cathode-to-cathode recycling is a similar approach to that described for American Manganese and Neometals in Section 5 of this report. The WPI team will also explore how different anode materials, including lithium, silicon, and titanium dioxide, as well as adhesives used in battery manufacture, affect the recycling process. As in the original USABC-funded project, the work of making and testing new automotive batteries using the high-nickel cathode powders produced by Wang's team will be subcontracted to A123 Systems and Battery Resourcers (described in Section 5), a company that has licensed WPI's patented li-ion battery recycling process. WPI is the first and only university to be granted an award from the USABC. The consortium's funding usually goes to industry, because the focus is always on innovations that can be commercialized and used by the automotive industry. 7.1.3 NAATBattInternational NAATBatt International (NAATBatt) is a not-for-profit trade association of companies, associations and research institutions commercializing advanced electrochemical energy storage technology for emerging high tech applications. NAATBatt states that there are three reasons why recycling li-ion EV batteries is important in North America: • First, recycling EV batteries is an important practice if one of the principal purposes of vehicle electrification is to protect the environment. The argument for electric cars is seriously undermined if one of the consequences of electrification will be an increasing amount of battery waste consigned to landfills, junkyards and roadsides. • Second, disposal of high voltage li-ion batteries raises serious environmental concerns. Although li-ion batteries themselves are environmentally benign relative to some other automotive components, such as lead acid starter batteries (excepting, perhaps, the fluorines in electrolytes), used high voltage lithium-ion batteries come with a special hazard: the KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 110PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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