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possibility of stranded energy. A used battery lying in a junkyard or by the side of the road poses a potentially fatal hazard to a person that touches it by design or by accident. It is essential for public safety that all high voltage li-ion batteries be completely decommissioned and irreversibly discharged at EOL. This is the first step of the recycling process. • Finally, used li-ion batteries are a source of energy materials, which may be in short supply in North America. The US produces relatively minimal amounts of the lithium, Class I nickel, natural graphite and cobalt used in most li-ion batteries. Anyone manufacturing li-ion battery cells in the US will need to rely, almost entirely, on foreign sources of energy materials for those cells. This tenuous source of supply could put domestic manufacturing of li-ion cells at serious risk. Recycling could be part of the answer. NREL reports that by 2040 the US may be able to source up to 65% of its need for cobalt for li-ion batteries from recycling. This supply buffer could substantially de-risk and help make possible the domestic manufacture of li-ion batteries at scale. The NAATBatt Workshop on Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling, on July 9-10, 2019, in Buffalo, New York, involved an in depth assessment of four major problems in li-ion battery recycling: collection of batteries; separation and sorting; transportation and storage, and recycling technologies. NAATBatt states that each of these four problems needs better solutions than those available today in order to ensure that a significant percentage of the li-ion batteries soon to come out of EVs at the end of their lives are responsibly recycled. 7.2 Research Initiatives in Other Countries 7.2.1 TheFaradayInstitution–FaradayBatteryChallenge In the United Kingdom (UK), several projects have been launched within the framework of the Faraday Battery Challenge. One of the first flagship projects was the Recycling of Lithium-ion Batteries (ReLiB) project, a £42 million initiative to accelerate EV uptake by overcoming the related battery challenges.232 This project, which is being led by the University of Birmingham in collaboration with seven other universities (Leicester, Newcastle, Cardiff, Liverpool, Oxford Brookes, Edinburgh) and 14 industrial partners, aims to find the most economically efficient and environmentally friendly methods to recycle and reuse li-ion batteries and to advise on legislation and policies related to this.233 The goal is to enhance the overall efficiency of the supply chain and ensure that the UK has the facilities needed for safe, economic, and environmentally sound management of the materials contained in li- ion batteries. 232https://www.findaphd.com/phds/project/phd-studentship-in-the-recycling-of-li-ion-battery-cathodes-faraday-institution/?p97587 233 https://www.findaphd.com/phds/project/phd-studentship-in-the-recycling-of-li-ion-battery-cathodes-faraday-institution/?p97587 KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 111PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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