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with sophisticated sorting technology.246 The researchers will also develop concepts for the reuse of battery components as a whole instead of individual material fractions, which will increase both the efficiency and profitability of materials cycles.247 Lastly, the researchers will look at elements of smarter battery design to facilitate recycling in the future and render it even more efficient.248 7.2.6 Norwegian LIBRES Project A l t h o u g h oil accounts for 43% of its total exports, 21% of the country’s revenue, and is the largest contributor to GDP at 17%, Norway is highly committed to electrification of its vehicle fleet, and to supporting EV and EV battery research. In 2018, EVs represented 31% of vehicle sales in Norway. The Norwegian LIBRES (Battery Recycling in a Circular Economy) project brings the entire lithium battery recycling value chain together, including players from the collector (Batteriretur), to the downstream receiver (Glencore Nikkelverk and Keliber OY). Norsk Hydro is also involved in the project. Together with R&D partners Elkem Technology, IME RWTH Aachen, MIMI Tech, Agder University and NTNU, the aim of the project is to develop and commercialize a new lithium battery recycling process suitable for the anticipated volumes of batteries that will reach of life and to ensure significantly higher material recovery rates than is achieved with the present day state-of-the-art technology.249 7.2.7 SwedishProjects A number of major research projects are ongoing in Sweden. Two of them, both focused on the recycling of li-ion batteries, are managed in Luleå. The first one, called Resource efficient recycling routes for discarded lithium ion batteries is being led by Luleå University of Technology and aims to develop a concept that facilitates efficient recycling of metals such as cobalt, nickel, copper, and lithium from EOL li-ion batteries. The following description of the project is available on its website250: “The proposed project covers identification and assessment of resource-efficient methods for metallurgical recovery of metals. The metallurgical focus will be on treatment of black mass from spent Li-ion batteries including improving the physicochemical properties of black mass through mechanical activation followed by thermal treatment and refining to recover its valuable materials content. The impact on the needs and restrictions for the design of the supply network of end of life batteriestothe recyclingfacilitieswillbeanalysed.” The second project, Re-LiOn, is led by Swerea MEFOS and aims to demonstrate that li-ion batteries can be 246 Reintjes, M. June 13, 2018. ”How to bring car battery recycling to a higher level?”PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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