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Appendix A: Types of Electric Vehicles There are three main types of electric vehicles (EVs) on the market today, classed by the degree that electricity is used as their fuel source: • Hybrid-electric vehicle (non plug-in) (HEV): By far the most common type of EV available today, HEVs rely on two complementary drive systems – a gasoline engine and fuel tank, and an electric motor, battery and controls.286 The main difference between HEVs and other EV types is that they cannot be recharged from the electricity grid; instead, their energy comes entirely from gasoline and regenerative braking. When the vehicle brakes, some of the energy is stored in the battery, which can later be used to power the electric motor and assist the gasoline engine. The most popular hybrid is a Toyota Prius, however nearly every vehicle manufacturer including Ford, Honda, Volkswagen, Porsche, Hyundai (and others) offer many different hybrid models to choose from. • Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV): Also known as an extended-range EV, a PHEV has both a rechargeable battery pack and a gasoline engine. Unlike a HEV, it runs mostly on the battery that is recharged by plugging it into the electrical grid. When the battery pack is depleted, the vehicle operates similar to a HEV, storing braking energy in the battery and assisting the gasoline engine.287 Examples include the Chevrolet Volt, Mitsubishi Outlander, and ToyotaPrius. • Battery electric vehicle (BEV): A BEV runs entirely on a battery and electric drive train, and does not have a gasoline engine, fuel tank, or exhaust pipe. They generate zero vehicle- based emissions, and unlike PHEVs, once the battery is depleted, they must be plugged into the electrical grid in order to recharge the battery.288 Examples of BEVs are the Tesla Model S, the Nissan Leaf, and the Chevrolet Bolt. Figure 50 presents a simple schematic to illustrate the differences between the three types of EV design. 286CAA. “Types of Electric Vehicles.”PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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