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Appendix B: Lithium-ion Battery Components Li-ion batteries are made up the following main components: • Anode: negative electrode in the battery in which oxidation occurs290. The current dominant anode material is artificial or high-quality natural graphite (carbon), although some battery manufacturers are using non-graphite anodes such as lithium titanate, which offers a longer cycle life.291 • Cathode: positive electrode in the battery; the most common cathode materials used are cobalt oxides and manganese oxides, but it is also possible to use other metals, such as an iron phosphate, nickel, or aluminum (note: there have been various efforts to eliminate cobalt because of cost).292 The combination of different materials results in significantly different battery characteristics. • Electrolyte: a mixture of organic solvents and lithium salts. Common lithium salts include lithium- hexafluorophosphate, lithium-perchlorate, and lithium-hexafluoroarsenate, while common organic solvents include ethyl-methyl-carbonate, dimethyl-carbonate, diethyl- carbonate, propylene-carbonate, and ethylene-carbonate.293 • Separator: intended as a safety component between the anode and the cathode, the separator is usually made up of micro-porous polyethylene or polypropylene that allows the passage of lithium ions during the cycling process. • Other Elements – Insulators, Vents, etc.: Li-ion cells can also include other elements, such as components that strengthen the cell mechanically, insulators on the edges of the electrodes where short-circuiting is likely to occur, and vents for air pressure relief.294 The exact mass and chemical compositions of each component vary between different manufacturers, but the cathode typically comprises 25–30% of the battery’s total weight, while the anode represents 15–30%. An outer casing composed of steel, aluminum, or plastic isolates the inner components from the outside environment.295 Li-ion batteries have many advantages, including high power-to-weight ratio, high-energy efficiency, and good high-temperature performance. What this means is that li-ion batteries store a lot of energy for their weight; this is important for EVs because the less weight they carry, the farther the car can travel on a single charge. Li-ion batteries also have a low “self-discharge” rate, which makes them better than 290 RBC Capital Markets. May 11, 2018. “RBC Electric Vehicle Forecast Through 2050 & Primer.”PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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