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reducing range concerns, especially for those living in multi-family complexes who tend to lack convenient charging access at “home.” Figure 66 shows the evolution of public and workplace charging points for EVs in the US from 2008 to 2017. Figure 66 Number of Public and workplace Charging Points for EVs in the US (2008 to 2017)340 A = Affordability: The direct cost of EVs and uncertainty about the total cost of ownership (fuel savings, maintenance costs, and resale value) are other major barriers to the adoption of EVs, which have greater initial upfront costs than comparable gasoline vehicles. For example, for the 2019 model year, the plug-in Ford Fusion Hybrid SE has a starting MSRP of US$27,555341 compared with a starting MSRP of US$24,120342 for the conventional Ford Fusion SE. The key factor affecting affordability in the next few years will be the cost of the EV batteries, which are estimated to be the single largest cost in the manufacture of EVs.343 The price of li-ion batteries has already decreased substantially as their production scale has increased and as manufacturers have developed more cost-effective methods. It is estimated that when EV batteries reach $100/kWh, the costs of EVs will reach parity with equivalent ICE models. Another key factor affecting affordability is the availability of financial incentives such ad rebates, tax credits, or tax exemptions, all of which can lower the purchase or lease price of EVs and make them more comparable in cost to conventional vehicles. In the US, the federal government provides up to $7,500 in income tax credits for new EVs purchased; the size of the credit depends on the size of the vehicle and its battery capacity.344 Some consumers are also eligible to receive EV incentives from their state, city or utility (see Figure67). 340 McCarthy, N. 9 April 2018. “Evolution of U.S. Electric Vehicle Charging Points.”PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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