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capabilities, but illustrate how the economics change at high recovery rates, hence the push by many companies to find technologies that achieve high material recovery rates. Table 29 Recycling Commodity Value and Recycling Rate Assumed for Financial Analysis of Recycling LFP and NMC523 Batteries from EVs Commodity Value Composition Recycling (kg/100kWh) Rate (%) 0 48.48 89% 8.99 9.59 80% 71.95 0 52% 82 112 90% Recycling Revenue (yuan/100kWh) Recycling Revenue ($US/100kWh) Metal yuan/ton424 $US/ton LFP NMC523 LFP NMC523 LFP NMC523 Cobalt Lithium Iron Copper 443,000 860,000425 660 53,510 65,776 127,691 98 7,945 0 6,185.12 24.69 3,949 19,114.21 6,597.92 0 5,394 0 918.35 3.67 586.34 2,838.04 979.65 0 800.89 Nickel 98,275 14,592 0 80.8 62% 0 4,923.18 0 730.98 Manganese 10,900 1,618 0 30.13 53% 0 174.06 0 25.84 Aluminum 15,380 2,284 65 87 42% 420 562 62.36 83.44 Total 10,578.81 36,765.38 1,570.72 5,458.85 Notwithstanding some limitations, the table is very useful to show that the LFP chemistry provides very little revenue compared to the NMC523 chemistry which contains cobalt, nickel and copper at amounts which yield positive revenues. The amount of aluminum is minimal. The table also shows that recovery of manganese provides minimal revenue. Table 30 presents the net profit analysis in the Chinese paper. As discussed above, the analysis is theoretical with higher than realistic recovery rates for the metals. The value for lithium used is for a pure lithium – likely medical grade – which is not produced by battery recycling which produces lithium carbonate. If these adjustments are made then recycling of the LFP battery would incur a net cost. Labour rates used for China would be much lower than for North America, but this is one of the few cost analyses that could be found through the literature search. Table 30 Net Profit from Recycling of LFP and NMC523 EOL EV Batteries EV Battery Chemistry NMC Net Profit (yuan/metric ton) 17,571 Net Profit ($US/metric ton) 2,599 Revenue (yuan/metric ton) 36,765 Revenue Cost Cost ($US/metric (yuan/metric ton) ton) ton) ($US/metric LFP 3,394 504 10,570 1,569 7,176 1,065 5,459 19,194 2,860 This information is provided as supplementary to other sources which are considered more reliable and relevant to North America. Beyond converting quoted costs to US $, it was not considered useful to adjust for US labour rates and lithium carbonate costs and materials recovery rates because commodity values change frequently and there are many other factors that are unknown in the analysis. For this reason, a recommendation is included in the report to carry out a detailed financial analysis of different recycling approaches to EV batteries using US labor rates, commodity values and other regional factors to make the cost estimate more realistic for a US setting. KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 203PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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