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Energies 2020, 13, 2259 2 of 24 strain, high thermal tolerance at interest temperature, inertia, well known thermal properties, as well as being nontoxic and economical. Angelino et al. [3] published research related to various cycle designs. They demonstrated that the recompression cycle is better at high temperatures, and it is particularly interesting in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors. Subsequently, Dostal et al. [4] in his thesis evaluated the Brayton S-CO2 cycle for advanced nuclear power generation reactors. Nowadays, many organic Rankine cycle (ORC) applications have been used as a waste heat recovery system to convert waste heat into mechanical energy. However, the ORC has efficiency limitations when working with waste heat at high temperatures because of the physical and thermal properties usually presented by organic fluids. Abrosimov et al. [5] investigated the combination of a Brayton cycle and an ORC cycle by designing both ORC and combined cycle models using Aspen Hysys® version 9’ (Aspen Technology, Inc., Bedford, MA, USA. Thermodynamic and economic optimizations of the models were made to conduct a comparative analysis between the solutions. The results have demonstrated the 10% advantage of the combined scheme over the ORC cycle in terms of generated power and system efficiency. Optimization based on the leveled energy cost for variable capacity factors has revealed an advantage of more than 6% of the solution investigated. Zhangpeng Guo et al. [6] conducted a sensitivity analysis comparing the recompression cycle, the double-expansion recompression cycle, and the modified recompression cycle applied to fourth-generation nuclear reactors, which have high operating temperatures and pressures that would increase plant efficiency and hydrogen production. Vasquez Padilla et al. [7] conducted a detailed energy and exergy analysis of four Brayton S-CO2 cycle configurations (single Brayton cycle, recompression Brayton cycle, partial cooling recompression, and main compression with intercooling) with and without reheating to investigate the effect of replacing the reheater and heater by a solar receiver. In the same year, Ricardo Vásquez et al. [8] also performed the energy and exergy analysis of a supercritical Brayton cycle with recompression CO2, but a bottoming cycle was not proposed. In recent decades, the Brayton S-CO2 cycle has attracted the attention of many academics and industries because of its significant advantages [3,9], such as a better thermal efficiency [10]. Brayton S-CO2 is less caustic relative to steam with the same operating speed, the turbomachine used is lightweight, almost ten times smaller than the steam turbine, and dry cooled easily in comparison with the steam engine [11]. Therefore, based on each of these benefits, the Brayton S-CO2 cycle has been tested for various uses as an energy conversion device, including nuclear, geothermal, solar, and thermal power plants. So, the device presents higher thermal performance and a smaller process size than the traditional Rankine steam device based on these advantages, and therefore the Brayton S-CO2 cycle is considered an efficient alternative to the steam process at Rankine [12]. The thermal performance of the heat exchanger plays an important role in the cycle efficiency, as shown in these previously described studies [13]. Thus, when a significant amount of heat is extracted in the recuperator to improve thermal performance, the high energy output is expected and thus the capital cost decreases by utilizing traditional shell and tube heat exchangers (STHE); nonetheless, some high-compact heat exchangers (up to ten times relative to STHE) and printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHE) have been sold and can be added directly to waste heat recovery from gas [14]. However, this type of heat exchanger can be multi-objective optimized, attending to exergy and energy objective function [15]. Yuan Jiang et al. [16] published a paper detailing the core architecture and optimization methodology built into the Aspen Custom Modeler for microtube shell and tube exchangers. They also sized a PCHE and then compared it among the various heat exchangers used for S-CO2 and indicated that the PCHE is a promising candidate due to its concentration, quick dynamic response, and mature construction state. Optimum configuration findings suggest that there is less metal mass in a system of two hot plates per cold plate and high angle channels; therefore, a safer option for broad-scale applications [17]. The PCHE is a type of micro-channel heat exchanger residing in various carve sheets composed of many micro-waved channels in each layer [18]. Thus, Devesh Ranjan et al. [19] in 2019 developed experimental research in which the characteristics of heat flow and pressure drop decrease for thePDF Image | S-CO2 Brayton Cycle Coupled with ORC as Bottoming Cycle
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