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Energies 2020, 13, 2259 9 of 24 Energies 2020. 13. x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 26 Figure 3. Life cycle assessment system boundary diagram. Figure 3. Life cycle assessment system boundary diagram. Some considerations were adopted to conduct the LCA, such as the Eco-indicator 99 approach, By applying the energy balance in the heat exchangers (ITC1, ITC2, and ITC3), the heat transfer which was utilized in [38]. The environmental impact of the organic working fluid, the components, area is obtained with Equation (14) and the thermal oil are considered in the three phases of the process lifecycle, which are the construction, ̇ Q1 an ORC ranges from 0 to 2% of the total filled fluid. So, for a period of 20 years, the working fluid loss where U is the heat transfer coefficient in kW/m2∙K, and ∆t is the true temperature difference, considered was 0.5%. As needs are, the liquid loss in the operation phase is 10%, while the organic loss operation, and maintenance and decommissioning [39]. The normal loss of organic working(fl14u)id in A𝑖 =∆t∙U determined with the Equation (15) in the decommissioning stage is just 3%. Also, it was assumed that the composition of the thermal oil(Therminol)is73.5%DiphenylOxideforth∆et=enCvFiTro∙nLTmDentalimpactassessmentofthether(1m5)aloil. Concerning the toxicity of working fluids, in the selection of these, it has been recommended to use where CFT is the correction factor calculated with the Equation (16), and LTD is the logarithmic nontoxic and nonflammable organic fluids. Therefore, only fluids with classifications A1, B1, A2L, B2L mean temperature differences calculated according to Equation (17) [42] were selected, under ASHRAE standard 34-2001 or the NFPA 704 standard [40,41]. √R2 +1 ∙[ln(1−𝑆)−ln(1−𝑅𝑆)] By applying the energy balance in the heat exchangers (ITC1, ITC2, and ITC3), the heat transfer areaisobtainedwithEquation(14) 2−𝑆∙(𝑅+1−√𝑅2 +1) ln . 2 CFT= R−1 (16) 2−𝑆∙(𝑅+1+√𝑅 +1) Ai = Q · 1 ∆t U (14) whereUistheheattransfercoefficientinkW/m ·K,and∆∆Ttisthetruetemperaturedifference,dete(1rm7)ined LTD =2 ∆T10−1𝐴𝑇 − ∆T11−3𝐴𝑇 ln( 10−1𝐴𝑇) ∆T with the Equation (15) 11−3𝐴𝑇 where R corresponds to the effectiveness c∆otef=ficCieFnTt,·LanTdDS is the heat power ratio. (15) The modeling of the printed circuit heat exchangers is carried out according to the mathematical where CFT is the correction factor calculated with the Equation (16), and LTD is the logarithmic mean model presented in the literature [31]. This heat exchanger is the Recuperator (HTR) and the Reheater temperature differences calculated according to Equation (17) [42] (RH) in the Brayton cycle, which are fabricated by such technologies as chemical etching and diffusion bonding, where flow chann√els are imprinted chemically on the metal plates and produce R2+1 one block by diffusion adhering, as shown in Figure 4. CFT = LTD = R−1 ·[ln(1 − S) − ln(1 − RS)] √ (16) ∆T10−1AT − ∆T11−3AT ∆T10−1AT (17) 2−S·(R+1− ln √ R2 +1) 2−S·(R+1+ R2 +1) ln ∆T11−3AT where R corresponds to the effectiveness coefficient, and S is the heat power ratio. The modeling of the printed circuit heat exchangers is carried out according to the mathematical model presented in the literature [31]. This heat exchanger is the Recuperator (HTR) and the ReheaterPDF Image | S-CO2 Brayton Cycle Coupled with ORC as Bottoming Cycle
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