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processes Review Supercritical Carbon Dioxide(s-CO2) Power Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery: A Review from Thermodynamic Perspective Liuchen Liu, Qiguo Yang and Guomin Cui * School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; liuliuchen88@163.com (L.L.); yangqg@usst.edu.cn (Q.Y.) * Correspondence: cgm@usst.edu.cn Received: 11 October 2020; Accepted: 13 November 2020; Published: 15 November 2020 Abstract: Supercritical CO2 power cycles have been deeply investigated in recent years. However, their potential in waste heat recovery is still largely unexplored. This paper presents a critical review of engineering background, technical challenges, and current advances of the s-CO2 cycle for waste heat recovery. Firstly, common barriers for the further promotion of waste heat recovery technology are discussed. Afterwards, the technical advantages of the s-CO2 cycle in solving the abovementioned problems are outlined by comparing several state-of-the-art thermodynamic cycles. On this basis, current research results in this field are reviewed for three main applications, namely the fuel cell, internal combustion engine, and gas turbine. For low temperature applications, the transcritical CO2 cycles can compete with other existing technologies, while supercritical CO2 cycles are more attractive for medium- and high temperature sources to replace steam Rankine cycles. Moreover, simple and regenerative configurations are more suitable for transcritical cycles, whereas various complex configurations have advantages for medium- and high temperature heat sources to form cogeneration system. Finally, from the viewpoints of in-depth research and engineering applications, several future development directions are put forward. This review hopes to promote the development of s-CO2 cycles for waste heat recovery. Keywords: supercritical carbon dioxide power cycle; waste heat recovery; thermodynamic cycle 1. Introduction Efficient conversion and utilization of energy is an effective pathway to address energy shortage and environmental problems faced by mankind. However, several losses occur during the energy conversion process, starting from the primary energy carrier to the end-user, mainly in the form of waste heat. The waste heat discharged to the environment has high exergy value and also contains large quantities of pollutants, thus, contributing to global warming. The recovery of this waste heat for targeted use can significantly raise the process efficiency and reduce the primary energy consumption [1,2]. Such an energy-saving potential is particularly significant for industrial processes, thermal engines, and mechanical devices [3–5]. Take China as an example, the annual energy consumption of the industrial sector accounts for more than 70% of the total national energy consumption, of which at least 50% is converted to waste heat at different temperatures and with different carriers. The estimated waste heat in the cement, iron/steel, and glass industries in China, in 2016, were, 41.0 GWth, 2.9 GWth, and 1.8 GWth, respectively [3]. Generally speaking, there are many kinds and forms of waste heat resources. According to the investigation by Galanis et al. [6], waste energy is released from industrial processes to the environment via four main states of matter; namely, liquid streams at temperatures between 50 ◦C and 300 ◦C, Processes 2020, 8, 1461; doi:10.3390/pr8111461 www.mdpi.com/journal/processesPDF Image | s-CO2) Power Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery
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