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Processes 2020, 8, 1461 2 of 18 Processes 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 18 and 300 °C, exhaust at temperatures ranging bet◦ween 150 °◦C to 800 °C, steam at temperatures ranging exhaust at temperatures ranging between 150 C to 800 C, steam at temperatures ranging from from◦ 100 °C to◦ 250 °C, as well as the process gases and vapors within a temperature range of 80◦ °C to 100 C to 250 C, as well as the process gases and vapors within a temperature range of 80 C to 500◦°C. Furthermore, low-temperature(<350◦°C) waste heat accounts for the majority in most end-use 500 C. Furthermore, low-temperature (<350 C) waste heat accounts for the majority in most end-use energy sectors. As shown in Figure 1, evaluations reveal that 63% of the waste heat streams arise at energy sectors. As shown in Figure 1, evaluations reveal that 63% of the waste heat streams arise at temperatures below 100◦°C, and the largest proportion of which is produced by the electricity sector, temperatures below 100 C, and the largest proportion of which is produced by the electricity sector, followed by the commercial and transportation sector [1]. followed by the commercial and transportation sector [1]. Figure 1. Sectoral shares of worldwide waste heat distribution [1]. Figure 1. Sectoral shares of worldwide waste heat distribution [1]. FFroromaaththeerrmooddyynnaamicicppooininttooffvvieiew, ,eenneerrggyyfrfroomwaasstetehheeaattccaannbeerreeccoveerreediinvarriioussways.. 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A[9n,o1t0h]e. rAmnoetheordmisetohordaisise toheratiesme tpheeratetumrepeorfathuerewoafstheehweaatstoe aheraetqutoiraedrevqauliuredusvianlguea uhseiantgpauhmepat foprumsppecfioarl sapepcliaclataipopnlsicsautciohnasssudcishtraibsudtiesdtriebnuetregdyesnyesrtgeymsy[s1t1e,m12s].[1T1,h1e2s].eTdhiveseersdeivpeartshewpaaytshwfaacyes cfhaaclelencgheasll,esnugcehsa,sstuhcehlowas-gtrhaedeloanwd-gflruacdteuaatinodnafnludctinutaetriomnittaendcyionftherematitstoeunrccyes,oifnehffieactienscoiuersciens, thineeeffnieciregnyccieosnivnerthsieoennperogcyescso,navnedrsciaosncapdroecuetsisli,zaantdioncaosfcaddiffeeurteinlitzeantieorngyofsdouifrfceeres.nt energy sources. 2. Barriers to Waste Heat Recovery 2. Barriers to Waste Heat Recovery Using waste heat as an energy source is based on many aspects, which are elaborated as follows: Using waste heat as an energy source is based on many aspects, which are elaborated as follows: Many factors make waste heat recovery very difficult, such as operating principle of heat recovery Many factors make waste heat recovery very difficult, such as operating principle of heat recovery facilities, user demand, and characteristics of the source of the waste heat. Each method of waste heat facilities, user demand, and characteristics of the source of the waste heat. Each method of waste heat recovery is posed with different problems, thus, the technologies face a number of barriers. A graphical recovery is posed with different problems, thus, the technologies face a number of barriers. A representation of the various energy conversion pathways for waste heat is shown in Figure 2. Waste graphical representation of the various energy conversion pathways for waste heat is shown in Figure heat is known to mainly originate from two types of sources, i.e., fossil fuel and renewable energy. 2. Waste heat is known to mainly originate from two types of sources, i.e., fossil fuel and renewable Most of the waste heat from fossil fuel involves industrial processes while renewable energy can be energy. Most of the waste heat from fossil fuel involves industrial processes while renewable energy used directly through an air pre-heater, waste heat boiler, and economizer, and a small part of them can be used directly through an air pre-heater, waste heat boiler, and economizer, and a small part need to go through a thermal power cycle before being used [13]. This is one of the main reasons of them need to go through a thermal power cycle before being used [13]. This is one of the main for the temperature grade diversification of waste heat resources. Meanwhile, as mentioned above, reasons for the temperature grade diversification of waste heat resources. Meanwhile, as mentioned the diverse forms of waste heat recovery technologies depend on the specific energy form needed above, the diverse forms of waste heat recovery technologies depend on the specific energy form by the end-user. At this point, the limitation of space for equipment as well as the economic and needed by the end-user. At this point, the limitation of space for equipment as well as the economic and environmental boundaries should be taken into account. These abovementioned issues make an efficient waste heat recovery challenging.PDF Image | s-CO2) Power Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery
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