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Processes 2020, 8, 1461 10 of 18 has been conducted under different operating conditions. It was found that the refrigeration cost is the highest, while the cost of the power is the lowest of total system operating cost. For a clearer and more intuitive comparison, Table 1 summarizes the main information in the above-mentioned literature, and eight typical configurations of s-CO2 bottoming-cycle used for waste heat recoveryare illustrated by Figure 5. It can be found from this table that research on waste heat recovery from gas turbine accounts for half of the total listed literatures, while the amount of investigation on waste heat recovery from fuel cell and ICE are quite similar. Meanwhile, research on ICE and turbine has been a hot topic in this region in recent five years. Year 2009 2011 2013 2014 2015 2015 2015 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 Author Sanchez et al. [40] Sanchez et al. [41] Walnum et al. [67] Bae et al. [42] Baronci et al. [43] Moroz et al. [68] Cho et al. [69] Ahmadi et al. [44] Shu et al. [47] Choi et al. [57] Wang et al. [81] Huck et al. [80] Wright et al. [71] Kim et al. [72] Shu et al. [48] Sharma et al. [58] Khadse et al. [73] Cao et al. [74] Gao et al. [75] Tozlu et al. [76] Zhang et al. [77] Hou et al. [59] Manjunath et al. [60] Astolfi et al. [82] Liang et al. [61] Olumayegun et al. [83] Luo et al. [84] Tao et al. [80] Sanchez et al. [78] Ryu et al. [46] Feng et al. [62] Liang et al. [63] Pan et al. [64] Zhang et al. [65] Song et al. [66] Zhou et al. [79] Application Fuel cell Fuel cell Turbine Fuel cell Fuel cell Turbine Turbine Fuel cell ICE ICE Nuclear Turbine Turbine Turbine ICE ICE Turbine Turbine Turbine Turbine Turbine ICE ICE Generic WHR ICE Turbine Turbine Turbine Turbine Fuel cell ICE ICE ICE ICE ICE Turbine THS (◦C) 709 650 532 709 398 425–700 580 343 777 354 850 650–750 538 520 777 368 630 440–543 538 567 490 466 550 200–600 423–488 380 500 550 598 360 268 380 557 450 460 435 Cycle Layouts REG REG REG/ two stage REG REC/REG/ two stage SIM REG REG/REC/PREC/ cascade cascade/PH/PRE s-CO2 +LNG SIM/PRE+REG two stage REH two stage SIM SPL REG/PH/SPL RE/REC/PH/PREC/ various cascade cycles SIM/PRE/REG/ PRE+REG REG+REC REG/REC REG+ORC REG/REC/PH/cascade REG two stage SIM REC+REF two stage s-CO2 /t-CO2 SIM/REG/REC REG+ORC(R1233zdE) REG+REC SIM+REF REG+REC PH REC/REC+REH SIM+Kalina SIM+REF SIM+REF REC SIM+ORC two stage s-CO2/t-CO2 WCO2,net.max (kW) 583.6 540.4 41,100 42,000 600.8/582.8/ 603.8 2800 17.1 >100,000 276.1 3.6/4.4 383 22,000 >100,000 8500 2180/2200/2750/2230 3230 3.7/5.5/4.6/ 9.1 5.6 110,000 21,000 38,000 >1000 6170 5000 3694 15,000 40.9 5000 --- 300 74,000 281.6/282.6 242.6 16.5 20.8 39.5 215 55,000 Table 1. Most relevantstudiesin chronological order. SIM: simple. REG: regenerative. REH: reheat. REC: recompression. PRE: preheat.REF: refrigeration. ORC: organic Rankine cycle. LNG: liquid nature gas. PH: partial heating. PREC: pre-compression. SPL: flow split. Figure 6 presents the heat source temperature and maximum power output of the s-CO2 bottoming cycle with various configurations. The maximum power output is presented on a logarithmic scale to clearly identify the system operation maps. It can be found that system size below 1 MW and above 1 MW are equally divided in the observed research data. Among them, power output of the s-CO2 cycles used to recover waste heat of the fuel cell are distributed around 1 MW, while most ofPDF Image | s-CO2) Power Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery
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