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Processes 2020, 8, 1461 12 of 18 high temperature sources to replace the air- or steam Rankine cycles. It can be found that the selection of proper configurations of s-CO2 cycles for waste heat sources with different temperature level was the main research content of this field. Based on the results of the existing literatures, the simple and regenerative configuration were more suitable for the transcritical cycles. The reason is that application scenarios with low- and medium temperature waste heat sources often have limited device space, so that the layout simplicity and compactness should be taken seriously. However, for the waste heat of medium- and high temperature, two-stage or cascade configurations have been more studied to form a thermal-power cogeneration system. Processes 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 18 Figure6F.iHgueraets6o.uHrecaettseomurpceratetmurpeervast.urseysvtse.msypstoewmeprowuetpruotu(tsp-uCtO(s-CbOot2tobomttionmgincygccley)clbea)sbeadseodnodnatabase 2 were mainly considered, and their performance as bottoming cycles were evaluated against ORC or Generallyspeaking,manytechnicalcharacteristicsofs-CO powercyclesreflecttheadvantage Kalina cycles. Whereas, the supercritical CO2 cycles were compet2itive technology for medium- and database in Table 1. in Table 1. 5. Further PeInrspuemcmtiavreys, for low and medium temperature waste heat sources, the transcritical CO2 cycles of its apphilgichatteimonpeirnatwuraestoeurhceas torreecpolvaceertyh.eFair-storosfteaalml, tRhaenksimneaclylecrleas.nItdcacnombepfoaucntdsythsattetmhesiezlecmtioankes the of proper configurations of s-CO2 cycles for waste heat sources with different temperature level was flexible and on-site arrangement for recovering the fragmented waste heat sources possible and reduces the main research content of this field. Based on the results of the existing literatures, the simple and the investment cost. Secondly, the relative higher cycle efficiency leads to increased power production regenerative configuration were more suitable for the transcritical cycles. The reason is that for lower thermal energy input. Moreover, the wide range of applicable heat source temperatures application scenarios with low- and medium temperature waste heat sources often have limited makes it possible to cascade the recovered waste heat resources at different temperatures grades and in device space, so that the layout simplicity and compactness should be taken seriously. However, for different forms. Thirdly, a reduction in water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions brings more the waste heat of medium- and high temperature, two-stage or cascade configurations have been environmoernetastlubdeiendetfiotfsoramnda tehnehrmanalc-pesowtherecmogaernkeerattcionmsypsetetimti.veness of such waste heat recovery units simultaneously. However, the application of s-CO2 cycles for waste heat recovery still faces several 5. Further Perspectives challenges which are presented in the following paragraphs. Generally speaking, many technical characteristics of s-CO2 power cycles reflect the advantage First, while, the expansion turbine and heat exchangers of s-CO2 cycles are theoretically smaller of its application in waste heat recovery. First of all, the smaller and compact system size makes the and more compact than other competitive thermal cycles with similar size, such components do not flexible and on-site arrangement for recovering the fragmented waste heat sources possible and yet exist at the commercial level. A component design of the s-CO2 Rankine cycle is a very crucial area reduces the investment cost. Secondly, the relative higher cycle efficiency leads to increased power of research, and relevant investigations are still in progress [85–88]. Another component design-related production for lower thermal energy input. Moreover, the wide range of applicable heat source problemteims pthereatpuriepsinmgapkersesisturpeosdsirbolep.toSicnacsceadtheethweorekcionvgerfleduidwamsteashseflatowresroautreceosf atthediCffeOrentcycle is 2 obviousltyemhpigerhaeturrtehsagnratdheast oanfda cinondvifefnerteinotnafolrsmtes.amThbiradslye,daRraendkuicntieoncyicnlewbaytetrhceosnasmumepptiloanntanscdale, the greenhouse gas emissions brings more environmental benefits and enhances the market compression process of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid is much more energy consuming. Optimal competitiveness of such waste heat recovery units simultaneously. However, the application of s- design of construction of waste heat exchanger, as well as the pipeline to reduce the pressure drop is CO2 cycles for waste heat recovery still faces several challenges which are presented in the following also crucialfor improving the performance of the entire system [89]. paragraphs. Secondly, further investigations are needed to consider the large scale power plants. Experimental First, while,the expansion turbine and heat exchangers of s-CO2 cycles are theoretically smaller dataissatinlldsmcaorecec,oemspaecctitahlalnyofothremr ceogmapwetaittitv-elethverlmsaylsctyecmles.wFituhrsthimeirlmarosirzee,,msuuchchcolmarpgoenrenstcsadleoinodtustrial yet exist at the commercial level. A component design of the s-CO2 Rankine cycle is a very crucial process plants are taken into account, a heat exchanger network (HEN) is typically constructed for area of research, and relevant investigations are still in progress [85–88]. Another component design- related problem is the piping pressure drop. Since the working fluid mass flow rate of the CO2 cycle is obviously higher than that of a conventional steam based Rankine cycle by the same plant scale, the compression process of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid is much more energy consuming.PDF Image | s-CO2) Power Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery
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