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Processes 2020, 8, 1461 13 of 18 recovery heat between different streams [90,91]. Understanding how to integrate waste heat recovery units, such as s-CO2 and ORC into the HEN for further enhancement of energy utilization efficiency, is still an open question. The third challenge to be addressed is the off-design, as well as the transient performance of the plant. This is due to fluctuation in the availability of waste heat resources leading to the variability of output power and a mismatch between the energy source and user demand in terms of time and spatial dimensions [2]. Therefore, the off-design performance of the s-CO2 cycles should be studied further. As the part-load performance plays a decisive role in the stable and economical operation of the whole combined power plant, in this context, energy storage will be necessary to maintain stable input and sufficient output [92]. Research in this area is on the rise. With reference to completed and ongoing engineering projects, the pioneering megawatt-level commercial s-CO2 cycle for waste heat recovery was developed by Echogen (USA) [93]. A simple recuperating cycle with a turbine-generator was built for recovering waste heat from the exhaust of a gas turbine (500–600 ◦C, 60–75 kg/s) to generate nearly 2.4 MW of power. Moreover, in a gas compressor station owned by the Canadian energy company, TC Energy, Siemens Energy is currently working to install a system for converting waste heat to power with turbines driven by s-CO2. The s-CO2 turbine is expected to go on the grid in 2021, and it will supply electricity for more than 10,000 households [94]. Owing to the above-mentioned challenges, as well as some uncertainties in technological advancement, performance, and component costs, further research and development is needed to better understand the applications of s-CO2 power cycles for waste heat recovery. The potential market of s-CO2 power cycles will continue to depend upon several technical, economic, environmental, and social factors. 6. Conclusions The s-CO2 power cycle has the technical and economic potential to be applied in waste heat recovery. The comprehensive analysis presented herein gives an extensive overview of the background, technical barriers, and current advances of s-CO2 cycles for waste heat recovery. It aims to help researchers who are trying to solve problems related to waste heat recovery with s-CO2 cycles, and its main aspects have been summarized as follows: (1) Unlike the stand-alone s-CO2 power cycle, whose objective is to solely achieve a high thermodynamic efficiency, the aim of the s-CO2 bottoming cycle for waste heat recovery is to achieve both the high cycle thermodynamic efficiency and larger waste heat regenerative amount. The improvement in total heat recovery efficiency is mainly a consequence of more effective heat extraction from the waste heat source and a higher cycle thermal efficiency resulting from the cycle optimization. Moreover, great attention should be paid to study to a unique characteristic of a waste heat source, which is the common problem faced by all waste heat recovery technologies. (2) Although the cascade configuration could theoretically be more efficient, the optimization cannot leave out of consideration of simple constructions when system economics and dynamic performance are taken into account. (3) Unlike the organic Rankine cycle whose commercial modules are widely available, operation data from experimental investigations or commercial proto types of the s-CO2 power cycle are still limited. The perspectives for solving the above-mentioned issues are provided as follows: (1) A comprehensive evaluation system shall be proposed to solve the technical barriers through the trade-off between the characteristics of the heat source, the thermodynamic performance of the system, and economics. (2) It is necessary to carry out transient performance analysis and exploit dynamic control strategies for both the s-CO2 bottoming cycle and the entire cascade system to ensure the stable and safe operation of the system. (3) Extensive experimental research and engineering practices are needed to improve the design accuracy of key components and verify the mechanism of the cycle performance. In addition to thePDF Image | s-CO2) Power Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery
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