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Jianhui Qi1 Queensland Geothermal Energy Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia e-mail: j.qi@uq.edu.au Thomas Reddell Queensland Geothermal Energy Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia e-mail: t.reddell@uq.edu.au Kan Qin Queensland Geothermal Energy Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia e-mail: k.qin1@uq.edu.au Kamel Hooman Queensland Geothermal Energy Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia e-mail: k.hooman@uq.edu.au Ingo H. J. Jahn Centre for Hypersonics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia e-mail: i.jahn@uq.edu.au 1 Introduction Problems associated with the fast development of human soci- ety, such as climate change, environmental pollution, and global warming, have created an international drive toward renewable energy. Among the renewable energy sources, solar energy is most abundant and it has already been used by human society in various forms since the ancient times. The solar power that reaches earth is approximately 1.8 1011 W [1]. This is many times larger than the total energy consumption of the earth [1]. However, today solar energy provides less than 0.53% of the total global energy [2]. This creates an opportunity to grow solar energy as a source of renewable energy. Currently, significant focus is on the development of concentrated solar thermal (CST) energy systems using sCO Brayton cycles. Using CST permits 2 cost-effective thermal storage [3] and the sCO2 cycle promises coefficients in the recuperator and precooler. Even with simple cycle arrangement, the sCO2 cycle can achieve better efficiencies than alternative cycles [9]. And finally, due to the high densities in the supercritical range, much more power-dense systems can be designed. This leads to significant cost savings. Dostal [4] proposed and analyzed a number of prototype sCO2 cycles and illustrated their performance capabilities. He found that for cycle inlet temperatures above 550 C, the sCO2 Brayton cycle becomes more efficient than the steam Rankine cycle. This makes the sCO2 cycle an ideal candidate for applications with high-temperature energy sources. Turchi et al. [10] explored sCO2 Brayton cycle configurations with attributes that are desirable for CST power applications, such as the ability to accommodate dry cooling. He demonstrated that comparatively simple cycle archi- tectures operating with source temperatures of 560 C can achieve efficiencies greater than 50%. To complement these theoretical studies and to develop the ena- bling technologies for sCO2 power cycles, Sandia National Labo- ratory [11] developed a sCO2 radial compressor and turbine test rig and performed test to investigate the key technology issues in regards to the sCO2 power cycle. And today, South West Research Institute in collaboration with General Electric is building a test facility to test a 10 MW axial turbine, scaled down to 1 MW [12]. Much of this axial turbine development is aimed toward future large-scale energy productions (>50MW), where sCO2 can replace steam in the mid to long term. However, sCO2 also has a potential for smaller scales. For power cycles in the range of 0.1–25 MW, using sCO2 allows a paradigm shift to using efficient radial inflow turbines. This is the case due to the combined effects of the highly dense working fluid and comparably low flow rates, resulting in highly power-dense machines. Using a radial turbine architecture has a number of advantages, such as fewer seals, improved efficiencies [4] allowing the solar power to be utilized for base-load electricity supply. The sCO2 Brayton cycle was first studied in the 1960s, by Feher [5] and Angelino [6–8]. sCO2 is regarded as an excellent working fluid due to a number of advantages. CO2 can easily reach its criti- cal point (7.38 MPa, 304.25 K) compared to H2O (22.064 MPa, 647.1 K) or other fluids [4]. The cold side of the sCO2 Brayton cycle (typically between 20 C and 40 C), which needs to match ambient temperatures in order to facilitate effective cooling, falls close to the critical point. Here, the rapid changes in density reduce the compressor work and lead to higher heat transfer 1Corresponding author. Contributed by the International Gas Turbine Institute (IGTI) of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF TURBOMACHINERY. Manuscript received August 10, 2016; final manuscript received January 20, 2017; published online March 28, 2017. Assoc. Editor: Anestis I. Kalfas. Supercritical CO2 Radial Turbine Design Performance as a Function of Turbine Size Parameters Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) cycles are considered as a promising technology for next gen- eration concentrated solar thermal, waste heat recovery, and nuclear applications. Par- ticularly at small scale, where radial inflow turbines can be employed, using sCO2 results in both system advantages and simplifications of the turbine design, leading to improved performance and cost reductions. This paper aims to provide new insight toward the design of radial turbines for operation with sCO2 in the 100–200 kW range. The quasi- one-dimensional mean-line design code TOPGEN is enhanced to explore and map the radial turbine design space. This mapping process over a state space defined by head and flow coefficients allows the selection of an optimum turbine design, while balancing perform- ance and geometrical constraints. By considering three operating points with varying power levels and rotor speeds, the effect of these on feasible design space and perform- ance is explored. This provides new insight toward the key geometric features and opera- tional constraints that limit the design space as well as scaling effects. Finally, review of the loss break-down of the designs elucidates the importance of the respective loss mech- anisms. Similarly, it allows the identification of design directions that lead to improved performance. Overall, this work has shown that turbine design with efficiencies in the range of 78–82% is possible in this power range and provides insight into the design space that allows the selection of optimum designs. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4035920] JournalofTurbomachinery CopyrightVC 2017byASME AUGUST2017,Vol.139 / 081008-1 Downloaded From: http://turbomachinery.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/journals/jotuei/936123/ on 04/05/2017 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/a bPDF Image | S CO2 Radial Turbine Design as a Function of Turbine Size
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