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Sustainability 2015, 7 15368 The following assumptions are invoked to simplify the analysis: • The generator efficiency is constant at 85%. • The expander inlet temperature is constant at 110 °C. • The pump isentropic efficiency is constant at 85%. • The environment temperature and pressure are taken to be 25 °C and 101.325 kPa, respectively. • Heat losses from the turbine, piping and pump are negligible. • The regenerator has an effectiveness of 0.8. • Temperature difference between states 3 and 4 is 5 °C. • The heat source temperature is 120 °C. Since the system is designed for many types of low temperature heat sources such as solar or industrial heat so the heat source temperature in this study is considered 120 °C. • The system is at steady state. 2.2. Working Fluid Selection Working fluid selection is one of the most important considerations in ORC design. For working fluid selection, several criteria need to be considered: environmental sustainability, ozone depletion potential, (ODP) global warming potential (GWP), safety (non-flammable, non-toxic and non-corrosive), vapor pressure in boiler, critical temperature, and thermal stability. Nine working fluids are selected for analysis of the behavior of the ORC cycle. Table 1 shows the basic properties for the selected working fluids. Table 1. Basic properties of working fluids. Critical Temperature (°C) 101 102.8 154 183.68 151.98 318.6 134.7 187.2 196.5 2.3. Thermodynamic Analysis The expander used in the system considered is based on model H20R483DBE by Bristol. Oralli and Tarique investigate using a refrigeration scroll compressor as an expander for power generation applications using a Rankine cycle [35,36]. They develop a model applicable to using a scroll expander for determining the expansion process details, dissipation and leakage losses [36]. Figure 2 is the system diagram of the model proposed by Tarique [36]. The model considers isentropic expansion, which is limited by the built in volumetric ratio. The next step is a constant volume pressure rise, as calculated Fluid R134a R227ea R245fa R123 R600 Toluene Iso-butane Iso-pentane n-pentane Critical Pressure (kPa) 4059 2999 3651 3668 3796 4126 3640 3370 3364 7.148 5.718 1464 2.441 862.2 2.44 614.5 131.7 196 170.6 358 361.3 165.5 342.5 Density * Heat of Vaporization ** (kg/m3) (kJ/kg) 4.258 217 620.8 358 * Density at Room Temperature (25 °C) 1 atm; ** Heat of Vaporization at 1 atm.PDF Image | Selection of Optimum Working Fluid for Organic Rankine Cycles
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