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Sustainability 2015, 7 15374 The objective function for the exergo-economic analysis is electricity cost rate, which is to be minimized here. The cost rate of electricity can be written as follows: c =Ex×C+Z−c×Ex (49) Two independent variables are chosen for use in the optimization: amount to superheat (Tsh) and pressure ratio (P/Pc). The amount of superheat is the temperature in degrees and over outlet pressures. Since inlet temperature is constant, the amount of superheat vapor changes when saturation temperature and pressure change. These particular variables are chosen because they have the largest effects on expander performance and efficiency [37]. Table 4 lists numerous variables and their bounds relative to the optimization. Table 4. Upper and lower limits for important variables in the optimization. W Variable Independent Variables Critical Variables (Which Require Physical Limits) Lower Bound Upper Bound Pr 1.5 10 Tsh 5 45 T4 (°C) 30 100 ω 0 4000 Here, T4 is the condenser outlet temperature, which is set so that it is not possible to go below 30 °C since the environment temperature in which it operates is 25 °C. The rotational speed is set so that it cannot go below 0 or over 4000 rpm, which is a practical limit for this particular expander. 4. Results and Discussion For the system optimization, two independent parameters are selected as objective functions. In this case, the function to be optimized is exergy efficiency and the two independent variables are pressure ratio (Pr) and degree of superheat (Tsh). The exergy efficiency function may not be related directly to pressure ratio and degree of superheat, but these two variables notably affect output power and the amount of required heat input. These two characteristics affect the exergy efficiency, since it is dependent both on electrical work output and heat input. Figures 3 and 4 show the values of Tsh and Pr optimized for each of the working fluids. All of the dry fluids (e.g., R227ea, R134a, n-pentane, and R123) according to the specified constraints require a higher superheated temperature, which lies near the limit specified for the system. This limitation is due to the restrictions in condenser temperature, which taken to be 30 °C.PDF Image | Selection of Optimum Working Fluid for Organic Rankine Cycles
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