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Sustainability 2015, 7 15380 5. Conclusions Energy, exergy and exergo-economic analyses and optimizations are performed on a scroll based organic Rankine cycle to improve performance within physical constraints. Various fluids are tested to identify the best performing fluid for the application considered. The working fluid toluene exhibits poor performance in this system due to the low pressure drop through the expander compared to systems using other fluids. R134a and iso-butane show promising results for use as working fluids in organic Rankine cycles, and permit high power outputs. The electrical power output is found to be important since it directly correlates with cost rate to produce it. The exergy efficiencies for systems using R134a and iso-butane are 21.3% and 21.9%, respectively, and most of the exergy losses occur in the boiler and expander for all working fluids. The system using R134a has the lowest cost rate for electricity at 0.07 USD/kWh (Ce = 0.001 USD/kWh) at the lowest fuel input cost and 0.1 USD/kWh at the highest fuel input cost (Ce = 0.008 USD/kWh). The present results are consistent with those reported in the literature by others [13]. The results in the present study show that systems using R134a and iso-butane have the highest energy and exergy efficiencies for heat source temperatures of 120 °C. These results are consistent with those given above for two other studies. Author Contributions All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Nomenclature A BVR c (USD/kWh) C (USD/h) ex (kJ/kg) E x (kW) i (%) ICC (USD) k k m (kg/s) m (kg/s) m (kg/s) m (kg/s) N OM (USD) OM% Amortization factor Built in volume ratio of expander Unit exergy cost Exergy cost rate Specific exergy Exergy rate Interest rate Initial capital cost Pressure torque coefficient Angular velocity torque coefficient Total mass flow rate Expander mass flow rate Leakage mass flow rate Mass of Pocket Number of years Operating and maintenance cost Percentage of operating and maintenance of initial capital costPDF Image | Selection of Optimum Working Fluid for Organic Rankine Cycles
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