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Shining Light on Triboelectric Phenomena

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transfer between two surfaces in the form of ions (in addition to electron transfer between surfaces). The work of Liu et al. and Hao et al. points to exciting technological possi- bilities, where a combination of light energy and mechanical energy can optimize ambient energy harvesting. It also provides fodder for theorists. Liu et al. and Hao et al. explain their results in terms of the initial electronic properties of the materials involved. But could other effects also be involved, such as chemical changes to the material surface resulting from the rubbing? And does the coupling of light add one more layer of complexity to a phenomenon that is Preview already so complex that it defies cur- rent scientific understanding? ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful for support from the National Science Foundation under grant numbers CBET-1604909 and DMR-1206480. 1. Hauksbee, F. (1719). Physico-Mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects. 2. Roller, D., and Roller, D.H.D. (1953). Francis Hauksbee. Sci. Am. 189, 64–69. 3. Priestley, J. (1775). The history and present state of electricity, with original experiments, Volume 2, Third Edition, p. 87. 4. Wang, Z.L. (2014). Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology and self-powered sensors - principles, problems and perspectives. Faraday Discuss. 176, 447–458. 5. Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Bao, R., Jiang, K., Khan, F., Goswami, A., Li, Z., Liu, F., Feng, K., et al. (2019). Separation and quantum tunneling of photo-generated carriers using tribo-induced field. Matter 1, this issue, 650–660. 6. Hao, Z., Jiang, T., Lu, Y., Feng, S., Shen, R., Yao, T., Yan, Y., Yang, Y., Lu, Y., and Lin, S. (2019). Co-harvesting light and mechanical energy based on dynamic metal/perovskite Schottky junction. Matter 1, this issue, 639–649. 7. Franklin, B. (1751). Experiments and Observations on Electricity made at Philadelphia in America (St. Johns Gate). 8. Lacks, D.J., and Sankaran, R.M. (2011). Contact electrification of insulating materials. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 44, 453001. 9. Lacks, D.J., and Shinbrot, T. (2019). Longstanding and unresolved issues in triboelectric charging. Nat. Rev. Chem. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-019- 0115-1. high efficiencies.4 In this process, low- energy light is absorbed into a material called the sensitizer, which then un- dergoes intersystem crossing to generate a triplet exciton; see Figure 1A. Tradition- ally, the sensitizer has been a heavy metal porphyrin, where the heavy metal can induce intersystem crossing. These sensi- tizer triplets are then transferred to a second material called the annihilator (Figure 1A). When two annihilator triplets meet, they can undergo triplet-triplet annihilation to create one high-energy singlet that can then fluoresce. This pro- cess has a long history of innovative development,4 but it has run into signifi- cant challenges as it has moved towards applications. Traditional triplet fusion depends on mo- lecular collisions to operate successfully; triplet transfer requires the short-range 1Rowland Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA *Correspondence: congreve@rowland.harvard.edu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2019.08.010 Lead Halide Perovskites Unlock Thin Film Upconversion Daniel N. Congreve1,* Triplet fusion upconversion has enormous potential to upend a number of appli- cations, but upconversion in thin films has lagged behind. In this issue, Nienhaus et al. demonstrate upconversion from the organic material rubrene by pairing it with a film of lead halide perovskites as the sensitizer, enabling thin film upconversion at sub-solar power densities. The field of photon upconversion has been exploding over the past several years, as new applications have driven innovation and new materials have driven performance increase. Demonstrated ap- plications are now far-reaching and continue to grow rapidly, addressing key issues in a multitude of important fields. An upconversion device has utilized infrared harvesting to generate carriers in an LED, allowing for night vision.1 Up- converting nanoparticles have enabled deep brain optogenetics by converting infrared light (which can penetrate tissue) into blue light (which cannot) in order to activate optogenetic proteins.2 Upcon- version photochemistry has been demon- strated in molecular systems that convert infrared light (which cannot drive the selected reactions) into visible light (which can), enabling large-scale procedures and in vivo applications due to the penetrating effect of the infrared.3 New applications are continually being developed, limited only by the materials innovations that support them. Triplet fusion upconversion is one of the most promising methods of upconver- sion due to its low required power and Matter 1, 550–564, September 4, 2019 a 2019 Elsevier Inc. 553

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