PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 001
energies Article Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC): A Techno-Economic Review Lorenzo Tocci 1,2,*, Tamas Pal 2,3, Ioannis Pesmazoglou 2 and Benjamin Franchetti 2 1 2 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, “La Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy Entropea Labs, 2a Greenwood Road, London E81AB, UK; tamas@entropea.com (T.P.); yagos@entropea.com (I.P.); benjamin@entropea.com (B.F.) 3 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Energy Technology, KTH Industrial and Engineering Management, * Correspondence: lorenzo.tocci@uniroma1.it; Tel.: +39-339-493-5225 Academic Editors: Andrew J. Haslam and Christos N. Markides Received: 27 January 2017; Accepted: 17 March 2017; Published: 23 March 2017 Abstract: The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is widely considered as a promising technology to produce electrical power output from low-grade thermal sources. In the last decade, several power plants have been installed worldwide in the MW range. However, despite its market potential, the commercialization of ORC power plants in the kW range did not reach a high level of maturity, for several reasons. Firstly, the specific price is still too high to offer an attractive payback period, and secondly, potential costumers for small-scale ORCs are typically SMEs (Small-Medium Enterprises), generally less aware of the potential savings this technology could lead to. When it comes to small-scale plants, additional design issues arise that still limit the widespread availability of the technology. This review paper presents the state of the art of the technology, from a technical and economic perspective. Working fluid selection and expander design are illustrated in detail, as they represent the bottleneck of the ORC technology for small-scale power production. In addition, a European market analysis is presented, which constitutes a useful instrument to understand the future evolution of the technology. Keywords: Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) review; working fluid selection; expander selection; mini-ORC; ORC survey 1. Introduction The continuous increase in energy demand is posing questions on how the network of energy production should evolve in future years. Recent policy decisions [1] set the reduction of pollutant emissions and the improvement in the efficiency of conversion systems as energetic targets. To this end, experts agree that a key approach to reach this goal is the on-site generation of electricity [2]. This is based on the growth of several small power plants that produce electricity directly used in the vicinity of production sites, avoiding transmission losses and lowering carbon emissions. Furthermore, the usage of wasted heat is of importance to achieve the objectives posed by government regulators. In the EU, 800 TWh of thermal energy are discharged every year to the environment as wasted heat from industrial processes [3]. The described scenario has led the scientific community to investigate new technologies capable of producing efficiently localized power. The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) received attention since it is capable of producing electrical energy when it is coupled with a renewable energy source and hence converts wasted thermal energy into electricity. These capabilities make this technology suitable for different applications, such as biomass, geothermal, solar and waste heat recovery. Energies 2017, 10, 413; doi:10.3390/en10040413 www.mdpi.com/journal/energiesPDF Image | Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)
PDF Search Title:
Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)Original File Name Searched:
energies-10-00413-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)