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Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)

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Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) ( small-scale-organic-rankine-cycle-orc )

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Energies 2017, 10, 413 3 of 26 Arguably, heat exchangers and pumps are available off-the-shelf in a wide range of specifications and applications. On the contrary, the turbo-generator and the working fluid do not present the same market maturity. The former requires an ad hoc design for each specific application. The latter affects the selection of the proper thermodynamic parameters and, hence, the performance of the system. Literature studies show that there is no single working fluid that is optimal for every ORC application. Drescher and Brüggemann [15], in their work on fluid selection for the ORC in biomass applications, found out that the family of alkylbenzenes offers the highest cycle efficiencies. Tchanche et al. [16] investigated working fluids for solar applications. They found out that the R134a outperforms the other fluids analysed. Expanders have a strong impact on the system performance and can be categorized as turbomachines or volumetric. Turbo expanders generally offer higher efficiencies at the cost of a more complex technology, while volumetric expanders are less expensive, but also have reduced performance. Imran et al. [17] provided a comprehensive review of volumetric expanders for low-grade heat recovery. Manfrida and Fiaschi [18] compared the performance of volumetric and turbo expanders suitable for small-scale ORC. The aim of this paper is two-fold. Firstly, the maximum specific cost of production is quantified. This is defined as the production cost that ORC companies should not exceed to become competitive in the energy market. Furthermore, the mathematical models employed in the literature for the design of the thermodynamic cycle and expanders of ORCs are listed with particular emphasis to articles that combine technical and economical aspects in the design process. In conclusion, the authors suggest a direction to take in the development of ORC for small-scale applications to make this technology successful at a commercial level. 2. State of The Art of The Technology This section aims at determining the specific cost of production at which ORC technologies become competitive with respect to alternative power producing technologies. The incentive scenario in European countries and supporting case studies are presented to investigate whether it is economical to invest in ORC in different fields of application. The competitive specific cost for ORC technologies has been estimated from the comparison with the technologies currently available in the market to produce electric power. The specific cost of installed plants that are based on wind [19], solar PVs [20], Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) [21,22], gas turbines [23] and hydro [24] are shown in Figure 1. 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 Solar PV Wind Hydro Gas turbine ICE Trend Investment cost as a function of installed capacity 0 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 Unit power output [kW] Figure 1. ORC market scenario. Cost [€/kW]

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